Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0045
M. Rosado-de-Christenson
{"title":"Lung Cancer","authors":"M. Rosado-de-Christenson","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0045","url":null,"abstract":"Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death in the USA and is strongly associated with cigarette smoking. Adenocarcinoma is the most common cell type, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, and large cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is typically a peripheral nodule or mass. Although invasive adenocarcinomas may metastasize early, many adenocarcinomas manifesting as subsolid nodules exhibit an indolent behavior. Squamous cell carcinoma and small cell lung cancer are centrally located and are intimately associated with cigarette smoking. Squamous cell lung cancer grows rapidly but metastasizes late. Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma, and affected patients often present with advanced disease and have a poor prognosis. Lung cancer has a wide variety of pulmonary manifestations on imaging including: nodules, masses, atelectasis, consolidation, and multifocal pulmonary lesions.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132560303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0079
Cylen Javidan-Nejad
{"title":"Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia","authors":"Cylen Javidan-Nejad","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0079","url":null,"abstract":"Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) represents a less common idiopathic interstitial pneumonia than usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) with a much better prognosis. Most cases of NSIP are secondary to collagen vascular disease, hypersensitivity or drug toxicity. These secondary forms of NSIP help to explain why it is more often seen on CT than UIP. Unlike UIP, NSIP is characterized by a paucity of honeycombing on CT and greater ground-glass opacity and reticulation. Subpleural sparing when present may suggest the diagnosis. Unlike UIP, NSIP tends to exhibit histologic spatial and temporal homogeneity. When extensive bronchiectasis is seen in association with an NSIP pattern, collagen vascular disease must be considered. When air trapping is encountered, hypersensitivity pneumonitis must be excluded. Biopsy is usually reserved for those patients with an NSIP pattern who do not have a known underlying condition. If the diagnosis of NSIP can be made, immunotherapy may prevent progression and may even reverse some CT findings.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"475 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131745611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0061
Felipe Martinez
{"title":"Pulmonary Vasculitis","authors":"Felipe Martinez","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0061","url":null,"abstract":"Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessel walls that results in vascular wall destruction and ischemic injury to affected organs. Common vasculitides discussed herein include Takayasu arteritis (TAK), giant cell arteritis (GCA), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease or Goodpasture syndrome. Vasculitides are further subcategorized depending of the size of the predominantly affected vessels: large, medium and small vessel vasculitis. The affected vessel size strongly influences the clinical and imaging manifestations of the disease. Intrathoracic involvement is more common in small and large vessel vasculitides. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), a common manifestation of vasculitis, is considered a syndrome rather than a specific entity and will be discussed in this chapter. However, it should be noted that DAH may also result from non-vasculitic etiologies. The work up and diagnosis of patients with primary vasculitides is challenging and requires close collaboration between the clinician, the radiologist and the pathologist. Radiographic abnormalities are non specific or may be absent. CT and MRI are the imaging modalities of choice for the evaluation and follow up of these patients, and should be considered despite normal radiographics.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131754291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0081
M. Rosado-de-Christenson
{"title":"Introduction to Mediastinal Abnormalities","authors":"M. Rosado-de-Christenson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0081","url":null,"abstract":"The mediastinum is the space between the pleura and lungs, extends from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm, and contains various organs and structures that may be affected by a variety of disease processes including neoplasms, other acquired conditions and congenital anomalies. The abnormal mediastinum is typically initially identified on chest radiography because of a mediastinal contour abnormality or mass. The radiologist must assess the frontal chest radiograph to determine whether the lesion manifests as a focal, diffuse or multifocal mediastinal abnormality. The lesion must then be localized to a specific mediastinal compartment using the lateral chest radiograph. This allows the formulation of a focused differential diagnosis and recommendations for further evaluation and management that often involve contrast-enhanced chest CT and less frequently MRI. These studies allow further characterization of the lesion and identification of associated findings such as lymphadenopathy, skeletal involvement and locally invasive behavior. Cross-sectional imaging usually allows categorization of mediastinal abnormalities as vascular, surgical or non-surgical lesions. Benign pathognomonic conditions that do not require further treatment may also be confidently diagnosed.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130660467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0043
J. Bueno
{"title":"The Immunocompromised Patient: Non-AIDS","authors":"J. Bueno","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Immunosuppression may be primary (i.e. congenital) or secondary (i.e acquired). Because immunodeficiencies constitute an extensive and highly heterogenous group of diseases, imaging interpretation must be performed in light of the underlying condition and/or treatment timeline whenever possible. Secondary immunodeficiencies include those occurring in bone marrow transplant (BMT) and solid organ transplant recipients and in patients on chronic corticosteroid therapy. Familiarity with the time course of immune dysfunction following BMT is essential for providing a narrow differential diagnosis in cases of opportunistic infection. Opportunistic infections in BMT recipients can be categorized based on the post-transplant phase: Neutropenic phase (<30 days, before engraftment); Early phase (30-100 days, after engraftment); Late phase (>100 days). A normal chest radiograph does not exclude infection in immunocompromissed patients with respiratory symptoms; further assessment with chest CT should always be considered in order to detect subtle imaging abnormalities. Infectious bronchiolitis manifesting with centrilobular nodules and diffuse ground-glass opacities on CT is commonly seen in immunocompromised patients.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125170962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0086
B. Carter
{"title":"Vascular Lesions of the Mediastinum","authors":"B. Carter","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0086","url":null,"abstract":"Vascular lesions represent approximately 10% of mediastinal masses detected on chest radiography. The most common lesions include abnormalities of the systemic arteries and veins, pulmonary arteries and veins, and thoracic aorta. Benign neoplasms such as hemangiomas and lymphangiomas are rare. Vascular abnormalities may be congenital or acquired, and the former may be associated with congenital heart disease in the pediatric population. Most acquired lesions are degenerative, post-traumatic, or neoplastic. Vascular lesions of the mediastinum may be detected on chest radiography as loss of normal mediastinal contours, focal opacities, or thickening of lines and stripes. These abnormalities are best evaluated with cross-sectional imaging such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or CT angiography (CTA).","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"20 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134453731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0007
T. Ternes
{"title":"Endotracheal and Enteric Tubes","authors":"T. Ternes","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The Endotracheal and Enteric Tubes chapter addresses these frequently used medical devices. An endotracheal tube (ETT) is a catheter placed into the airway for mechanical ventilation. It serves to protect the airway and provide adequate gas exchange. The ideal position of the endotracheal tube tip is approximately 5 cm above the carina. Complications of ETT placement include inadequate ventilation if placed too high or too low, esophageal intubation and tracheal injury. Tracheostomy tubes are used in patients who require long-term intubation. Enteric tubes are thin flexible hollow catheters that course into the stomach and beyond. They may be placed via nasal (nasogastic) or oral (orogastric) approach. When used for suctioning, the ideal position of the tube tip is within the stomach. When used for administration of drugs or nutrition, the tube tip is ideally advanced beyond the pylorus. Enteric tube malposition may be due to coiling within the esophagus or inadvertent malposition within the airway. Malpositioning could result in aspiration, lung injury, and pneumothorax.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132653923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0091
K. Cummings
{"title":"Abnormal Aorta and Aortic Branching","authors":"K. Cummings","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0091","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormal aorta and aortic branching discusses congenital variants of the aortic arch and great vessel branching. While many of these anomalies are incidental imaging findings in asymptomatic individuals, lesions such as a double aortic arch and right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery produce vascular rings which can cause respiratory or esophageal symptoms. Certain anomalies such as a right aortic arch with mirror image branching are very frequently associated with other congenital cardiac abnormalities. Another common aortic congenital abnormality that may be diagnosed in early adulthood is aortic coarctation, frequently manifesting with upper extremity hypertension. As many of these lesions are first detected on chest radiography, the radiographic appearance and classification of these abnormalities is discussed in detail and supplemented by additional information that can be obtained with CT and MR.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121182268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0093
S. Bhalla
{"title":"Mediastinal Veins and Anomalies","authors":"S. Bhalla","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0093","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter titled abnormalities of systemic veins discusses a series of mediastinal venous anomalies and tributaries that may produce confusing imaging findings. Such findings may be seen on a radiograph that shows an abnormal course of a central line or catheter in one of these anomalous vessels. The more frequently encountered systemic vein variants are presented, namely left superior vena cava (SVC) and azygous continuation of an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC). In these conditions the normal connection of a right-sided vena cava to right atrium may be altered. Commonly encountered venous tributaries, including the left superior intercostal vein (which produces the aortic nipple on radiography), the left pericardiophrenic vein, and systemic to pulmonary vein collaterals will also be included. The latter may result in right-to-left shunting and cyanosis.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129679014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chest ImagingPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0034
S. Betancourt
{"title":"Community-Acquired Pneumonia","authors":"S. Betancourt","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0034","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumonia refers to acute inflammation of the lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma. Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia acquired outside of hospitals or long-term care facilities in patients without known inherited or acquired immunodeficiency or active cancer or within 48 hours after hospital admission. Chest radiographic demonstration of airspace disease helps support the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting. Patients with CAP are treated with antibiotics regardless of chest radiography findings. Further evaluation with Computed tomography (CT), bronchoscopy, pleural fluid analysis, etc., are reserved for patients that do not respond to treatment or in whom complications are suspected. CT is useful in assessing complications such as empyema, bronchopleural fistula, abscess, and necrotizing pneumonia. Lung abscesses and empyema are frequently associated with aspiration pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"104 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121016027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：