Central Europe最新文献

{"title":"Introduction: The Jewish Body","authors":"Cornelia Aust","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1684781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1684781","url":null,"abstract":"The Jewish body has long caught the interest of historians and anthropologists. For both Jews and non-Jews, the body of the Jew had features which distinguished it essentially from a non-Jewish body, similar to the way a male body is conceived of as essentially different from a female body. Often, these bodily features were imagined as unchangeable. The following set of articles aims to contribute to scholarship compiled since the 1980s on the history of the body, according to which the body is not understood as a biological and invariable constant but rather as a social construction, formed through discourse, and changing over time. The perception of the body depends on both the one who inhabits the body and the outside observer, who sees and perceives the body of the other according to his/her own ideas and perceptions. Thus, we look at an imagined body, which we only get to know through descriptions that are deeply influenced by the observer’s cultural concepts and ideas. The ways contemporaries wrote, spoke, or thought about the body – their own and that of the other – formed and altered this very body. The articles in this volume aim at deconstructing the discourses which contributed to shaping the Jewish body. The following example illustrates how central the question of the body and its features could be. The early modern Frankfurt ‘ethnographer’ of the Jews, Johann Jacob Schudt (1664–1722) had no doubt that ‘one could identify a Jew immediately among many thousands of people.’He argued that it was easy to recognize a Jew, even when he tried to hide his identity. Outward signs ‘partly physical, partly in relation to his mind, partly in his lifestyle’ could easily reveal his Jewishness. Moreover, he claimed that distinguishing features of the Jew included the nose, lips, eyes and ‘the whole body-posture’. Jews and non-Jews had a long tradition of discussing and ruminating about such an imagined Jewish body, and they also marked the Jewish body to make it recognizable. The question of distinguishability and the markers of difference were among the core issues in JewishChristian relations and were often directly related to the (Jewish) body and included the question whether a conversion could turn a Jew into a Christian or some inherent and","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78213317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orientalist Body Politics. Intermedia Encounters between German and Polish Jews around 1800","authors":"Kathrin Wittler","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1684794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1684794","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the transformation of the German Jews’ appearance was often defined in terms of Europeanization and modernization, whereas the so-called Polish Jews were reproached for clinging to their outdated ‘Oriental’ caftans, beards, and head coverings. Inner-Jewish differences were moulded in the terms of a simultaneity of the non-simultaneous, as Polish Jews were stylized into anachronistic, semi-Oriental figures by their German peers. The paper retraces the genesis of this pattern of thought and analyses its functions. Bringing together a disparate range of textual and pictorial evidence, it asks how and why the spatial-temporal divide of West/Present and East/Past came to be established in late-eighteenth-century debates about Jewish Emancipation and in what ways it helped Christians and Jews alike to stylize the European Enlightenment into a civilizing mission which had to be enforced by means of a ‘Western’ body regime. In sum, it argues that the body politics which helped organize the sociocultural changes of Jewish life around 1800 were premised on modern Orientalism and on modern concepts of history, including emphatic notions of progress and perfectibility.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83424570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covering the Female Jewish Body. Dress and Dress Regulations in Early Modern Ashkenaz","authors":"Cornelia Aust","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1684782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1684782","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Attempts to regulate, monitor, and sanction dress and outward appearance was a typical feature of the early modern period. Religious and secular authorities aimed at controlling its subjects’ spending as well as the upkeep of estate boundaries. This development did not leave untouched Jewish society in central and east-central Europe. Internal Jewish sumptuary laws from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries as well as moral literature were an attempt of the communal lay and religious elites to exercise control over the communities. Increasingly, dress ordinances pertained to women and moral writings of rabbis scolded women for their haughtiness and too lavish and expensive dress, especially for adapting non-Jewish styles of dress. This article explores these developments; and how the regulation of dress aimed also at gaining control over the female Jewish body.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81741918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on the Human Body in the 20th-Century Book of Remedies, Rafaʾel ha-Malʾakh","authors":"Marek Tuszewicki","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1684793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1684793","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The book of remedies Rafaʾel ha-Malʾakh appeared in Hebrew at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its author, rabbi Yehuda Yudl Rosenberg, a man shaped by traditional Judaism and Hasidism, set himself the goal of creating a practical medical guide addressed to the poorer sections of the Jewish population in Russian Poland. In his work he included a diverse body of material representing a number of often conflicting views on the human body. The aim of this article is to explore the main elements shaping the ideas contained in the guide, with particular emphasis on Rosenberg’s traditionalist views, which is echoed in early-modern medical publications and in ethnographic collections from the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Alongside the pathology of the four humors, the most influential medical theory until the rise of modern medicine, Rosenberg’s belief in the relationship between health and the spiritual life of man will be examined through an analysis of the advice provided in Rafaʾel ha-Malʾakh. Moreover, the article draws attention to Rosenberg’s dialogue with modernity and seeks to answer the question whether this handbook advocated a modern approach towards the treatment of illness.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86220504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Body, Place, and Knowledge: The Plica polonica in Travelogues and Experts’ Reflections around 1800","authors":"F. Guesnet","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1684786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1684786","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The matting of hair, understood as a medical condition since around 1600 and named Plica polonica, appears prominently in the writings of eighteenth-century authors travelling to Polish lands or in experts’ opinions about these provinces. This paper argues that integrating observations about an allegedly endemic medical condition was intimately linked to the emerging discourse on eastern Europe as an essentially different part of the continent, and an object of colonizing efforts. It demonstrates that travelogues and experts’ opinions were drawing inspiration, observations, and assumptions from each other, a hitherto only partially understood instance of cross-fertilizing writing on eastern Europe, offering important insights into the development of experts’ culture in the Age of Enlightenment.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74477351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Habsburg Monarchy 1815–1918","authors":"G. Cohen","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1583953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1583953","url":null,"abstract":"Nagyvárad (Oradea), where he was invited to stage one of his plays in Romanian and later in Hungarian, is presented in this inspiring chapter as a model of how a few ‘well-intentioned people [. . .] could ignore or suspend ethnic and religious differences’ (p. 146). According to Nemes, it was Vulcan’s emotional ‘attachment to his beloved “Bihor Land”’ that helped him shift so easily between the disparate cultural milieux of Budapest and Bucharest, and act ‘as a “translator” between the two cultures’ (p. 149). The central characters of the four remaining chapters hailed from the Hungarian gentry or minor nobility, with the exception of the poet and military officer Count József Gvadányi, ‘the aristocrat’ born in Borsod County of illustrious Italian lineage. Each of the vignettes calls into question old clichés about the blinkered, parochial nature of the Magyar county nobility, reflecting instead the innovative economic and educational role of this class in Hungary’s modernization. Of all the character sketches, the most familiar is that of Pál Vásárhelyi, ‘the engineer’ from Szepes County who established modern river management in Hungary. He ‘proposed to remake northeastern Hungary in dramatic fashion’ by regulating the river Tisza (p. 89), so limiting flooding along its banks and improving connections with outlying areas. The only two women whose biographies feature in this eclectic volume are ‘the teacher’ Klára Lövei, a pioneer in women’s education who came from Máramaros County, and ‘the writer’ Margit Kaffka, the first professional female poet and novelist of Hungarian literature. Kaffka, chiefly remembered for her searing autobiographical novel about life as a provincial noblewoman, displayed a ‘fierce local pride’ despite her marked ambivalence towards her home county of Szatmár (p. 218). Most of the individuals portrayed in Another Hungary, like Kaffka, made their careers in the city; they all ‘received strength from working in the provinces’ (p. 234). Overall, this is a well-researched, imaginatively written piece of micro-history, which vividly challenges outdated notions of people and places in nineteenth-century rural Hungary. Arguably, the link between the eight chosen figures is somewhat tenuous, but the chronologically arranged biographies are skilfully woven together. Whether or not this small sample of historical characters selected from different periods of the ‘long nineteenth century’ is fully representative of the social, ethnic and cultural make-up of the diverse north-eastern border region, the group portrait that emerges is nuanced and sophisticated. The reader will find Another Hungary a useful yet intriguing study of modernity and nationalism on the Hungarian periphery of the Habsburg lands.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84910985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do the Buildings Really Matter? Czech, Polish and Slovak Museums and Centres of Contemporary Art in Adapted Buildings","authors":"K. Jagodzińska","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1624465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1624465","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper discusses the connection between museums and centres of contemporary art operating in adapted buildings, on the one hand, and on the other, the history of the place where the buildings are located. I discuss seven discrete case studies, representing a variety of approaches to buildings and the areas in which they operate, in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. My analysis of each case study covers four main subject areas: (1) discussions connecting the building’s history with its new role; (2) the architectural features and appearance of the building; (3) references3 to the history of the site in the institution’s programme and communication; and (4) efforts to build bonds with local communities. In my conclusions, I argue that the identity of the institution may either be rooted in the history of the place presented and discussed in its programme, or be independent of the history of the building but nonetheless connected to the area in which it is located.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88003101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indifferent but Mobilized: Rural Politics during the Interwar Period in Eastern and Western Europe","authors":"D. Brett","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1624461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1624461","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What did peasants discuss at party meetings? Were they mobilized by ethnic politics or indifferent to them altogether? The end of the First World War brought about universal male suffrage in much of Europe, and with it the process of mass politics began. The concept of national indifference is important in understanding interwar politics, because this period is often studied teleologically with attention focused on extremism and nationalism as the primary mobilizing issue Agrarian movements have been under-researched, and when Agrarians have been studied, it has been through the prism of elite politics. This comparative paper seeks to redress this omission by looking at grassroots rural politics. The interwar countryside was marked by profound political, economic and social transformation but also in terms of what Robert Paxton has described as the ‘triple crisis of the countryside’ – worsening economic conditions, the declining status of the countryside and inadequate political representation. The paper will explore how reform and crisis impacted how agrarian politics functioned at a local level by asymmetrically comparing cases from Romania, Poland and Ireland, with the final case helping to contextualize Eastern Europe within the wider European experience This paper argues that the rural population was mobilized, but primarily in the context of local issues rather than national ethno-political questions. Local party organization was, to paraphrase James C Scott, the site ‘of an exchange of small arms fire’ in rural class conflict, as questions regarding the control of public space, generational conflict and power within the village mobilized peasants. Thus, I argue that it was the underlying socio-economic issues that mobilized the rural population, not nationalism. The dynamics of these conflicts were shaped by local economic, political and social power dynamics, and by using indifference as a concept, we can look more deeply at interwar politics from a grassroots perspective and develop a more nuanced understanding of local, national and European politics.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80876169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gay Hussar: The Origins and Spread of Buserant in the Danube Region","authors":"F. Helmrich","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1637581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1637581","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This papers examines how the word Buserant ‘gay’ spread in the languages of the Danube region. Further, it hypothesises in what contact situations borrowing occurred. In this, it presents a case study illustrating lexical borrowing in the proposed Danubian Sprachbund. According to the study’s findings Italian road workers introduced Buserant in Viennese German from where it spread through army service and/or travellers in taverns of Austria Hungary. The borrowing appears to be restricted to the languages of Austria-Hungary and excludes Yiddish, which can be explained by the relative isolation of Yiddish-speaking communities by the mid-nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78010899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red Vienna, White Socialism, and the Blues: Ann Tizia Leitich’s America","authors":"E. Klautke","doi":"10.1080/14790963.2019.1583954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14790963.2019.1583954","url":null,"abstract":"The general topic of McFarland’s study are images of and debates about America, American influences and ‘Americanization’ in inter-war Austria. He has chosen to tell this story through the prism of...","PeriodicalId":41396,"journal":{"name":"Central Europe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75278923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}