FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY最新文献

{"title":"‘Biteing Another Pauper with WHOM She Slept’: Lunatics, Idiots and Imbeciles Under the New Poor Law, C.1836–1852","authors":"Matthew Bayly","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2022.2135826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2022.2135826","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the experiences of care and relief for paupers deemed lunatics, idiots and imbeciles during the initial decades of the New Poor Law. Analysis focusses on two Lincolnshire Poor Law Unions (the Sleaford and Lincoln) and is structured around three loci of care: the parish, the asylum and the workhouse. Although the parish continued to be the primary locus of care throughout the early New Poor Law period, this article notes a growing willingness to admit paupers into asylums as the 1830 s and 1840 s progressed. Indeed, the geography of asylum provision within the unions of study became increasingly non-local through the use of institutions outside of Lincolnshire during the 1840 s. Similarly, the institutional experience of the union workhouse is stressed, particularly for paupers deemed idiots and imbeciles who were often inmates for decades. Such mirrored local practice pre-1834, with the unions of study continuing to utilise a developed Old Poor Law workhouse infrastructure to provide in-door relief in the transitional period between unionisation in 1836 and the opening of union workhouses in 1838. However, institutional care generally sat against previous experiences of support within the parish and was often only sought due to the ability or inclination of families to provide for mentally ill and cognitively disabled relatives. Here, individual life cycles of support could permeate differing loci of care, showing that binary designations of institutional versus non-institutional relief often simplify the complexity of holistic lived experience. An emphasis on life cycles of support has also highlighted a demographic continuity in receipt between the Old and New Poor Laws, with many paupers deemed lunatics, idiots and imbeciles receiving relief before and after 1834. Moreover, evidence suggests that those labelled as pauper lunatics, idiots and imbeciles were far from passive, demonstrating opinions on relief offered and received albeit with the potential for agency often constrained due to their categorisation. As such, this article has tried to place pauper voice at its centre, examining how poor law relief recipients categorised as lunatics, idiots and imbeciles traversed support options during the early New Poor Law period.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"164 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41411194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Geoff Monks","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2022.2135831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2022.2135831","url":null,"abstract":"The study of disabilities sensory, physical and mental is an interdisciplinary field that took off in the mid-1980s. As a discipline it invited scholars to consider disability not as something that was purely medical but as a ‘key defining social category’ such as race, class, or gender. The problem with this new and developing field is that the ‘disability’ does not lend itself to an easy definition. It becomes even harder when historians explore the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the use of the word disabled was rarely applied to an individual, unless completely bed-bound and incapable of any form of daily activity. Moving aside from the problems of definition, disability history has sought and continues to seek and use sources about and by individuals or groups of people who have often been overlooked, ignored or silenced. For paupers in the eighteenth and nineteenth century who were infirm, suffered with mental health issues or had learning difficulties their voice is not always easy to find. The frequently repeated words by Douglas Baynton’s that ‘disability is everywhere in history, once you begin looking for it’ has never been truer, although it has often and continues to frequently be absent in the histories that we write. This special edition uses a large range of sources such as the correspondence between the New Poor Law Unions and the Poor Law Commissioners in London, found in The National Archives under MH12, court records, autobiographies, guardian minute books, local asylum and workhouse archives and pictures, to try and change this situation. The authors argue that despite the difficulties in finding the disabled as a result of the terminology used, they are present, and their voices can be heard loud and clear. Problematically, the doctrine used to explore ideas around disability has often been reliant on the medical archetypical framing of those who suffered some form of impairment which limited the individual from functioning in a ‘normal social or vocational’ setting. In other words, the medicalisation of disability is akin to a chronic or long-standing medical problem, which of course it is not. This theory does not work when tested against the vast number of sources available to the historian where the majority of those seeking help were doing so on a short-term basis. Neither does it take into account those who had what can only be termed as significant disabilities, but who did not construct themselves as incapable of working, running a home, getting married or raising and supporting a family. It can be seen in the following example of Gervas Matthews who wrote to the Poor Law Commissioners in 1846. He stated that he was a poor man being ‘three parts Blind’ with three children the eldest of which was nine and the youngest a few months old. Note here that he classed himself as poor before mentioning the","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"91 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46175240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MALCOLM GASKILL, The Ruin of All Witches: Life and Death in the New World","authors":"M. Gaskill","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2022.2095732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2022.2095732","url":null,"abstract":"Malcolm Gaskill’s new book tells the tragic story of Hugh and Mary Parsons, a troubled settler couple living in Springfield, Massachusetts in the 1650s who were accused of witchcraft by their neighbours. Their story has never been fully researched, although there are discussions of it in earlier historical studies like John Putnam Demos’ excellent Entertaining Satan (1982). Most American histories of witchcraft focus on Salem, and the famous witch trial there in 1692. Salem is also in Massachusetts, but the story of the Springfield witches is a different shape and has a different feel from the large-scale Salem panic. It is a witchcraft case focused on two individuals, with all their problems of poverty, mental and physical illness and unhappy marriage laid bare by the accusations made against them. Gaskill’s recent archival work in Springfield and beyond has uncovered a wealth of new information, not just about Hugh and Mary themselves but importantly about their community: the wild land they had taken from its Native American inhabitants, the uses they had made of it, the problems and tensions that tore at their little towns and the feelings that drove those splits to the point where neighbour turned murderously against neighbour. Gaskill’s telling of this newly-expanded story is evocative, right from the start. We begin with a terrifying nightmare recounted by one of the supposed victims of the ‘witches’, in which the man saw snakes creeping into his home to attack him and came to believe that these represented the evil wishes of his enemies. We can feel the ‘heartthumping panic’ of the new world villagers, huddled in their wooden cabins far from their old European homes while snow storms raged in winter and blazing heat parched their meagre crops in summer. We can imagine the ‘skin-prickle of being watched’ as anxious settlers trekked the dark roads in woods filled with strange animals and angry indigenous people. Wake up, readers, Gaskill’s immersive opening announces: this will be a thrilling and moving tale! However, The Ruin of All Witches does not sacrifice precision or factual accuracy to the demands of telling a good story in novelistic prose. Gaskill’s academic commentary is acute, and he has decades of experience in researching histories of witchcraft, including stories from the English communities which Hugh and Mary Parsons left behind when they emigrated to America. However, they could not leave behind stories of witchcraft and magic. Gaskill reflects carefully on the causes of witchcraft accusation and the spread of suspicions across communities and is especially compelling on the emotional landscape of the early modern world and the material challenges of the colonial life. Very effectively, he makes readers feel the tensions between fear,","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"73 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45192333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dismantling The State Farm System and its Communities in Poland During the 1990s, and its Social Consequences","authors":"M. Błąd","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2022.2095735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2022.2095735","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the social consequences of the liquidation of state farms in Poland in the 1990s. The creation and operation of state-owned farms was an unprecedented experiment: state farms were a ‘laboratory’, both in the economic sphere (creating a collective economy) and in the social sphere, forming a collective community, largely isolated from much of rural society, functioning within the framework of assigned patterns of work and life. With the collapse of communism in Poland (1989) and the construction of a market economy, the existence of 1,440 state-owned agricultural enterprises (managing 18.7% of the agricultural area in Poland) was questioned. A decision was made in 1991 to liquidate state-owned farms, by virtue of a relevant Act. Their employees (about half a million of them) and their families (in total about two million people) became victims of the economic transformation, for whom the state did not provide appropriate support, leaving them to themselves. The experience of losing a job and lifestyle organized by the socialist system (especially social security) became a traumatic experience for this community. This article shows the social dimension of this political decision. It also gives a voice to former employees of these farms, who never had any proper representation and were treated as ‘people without a vote’.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"40 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42668718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘The Wider Aspects of “Kampong Kirkby”’: A New Window on the Malayan Teachers’ Training College in Lancashire, England, 1952–1962","authors":"Rachael Jones","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2022.2095736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2022.2095736","url":null,"abstract":"In 1952 the first intake of student teachers from Malaya arrived at Kirkby training college in the north of England. This was the beginning of a remarkable eleven-year international and transnational project to help meet a shortage of staff in Malayan schools. Widely available reminiscences of former students and local residents exist but this article gives a fuller picture by referencing newspaper features and other sources. These show that, despite the generally positive memories of individuals, there were criticisms of the scheme in Malaya. Exploration of these complaints provides a wider context for the history of the college than is currently available and shows that the dissatisfaction often mirrored wider concerns within the Malayan population and illustrates the disapproval with which some people regarded the students and the scheme. This negativity was sometimes because of perceived unwarranted glamour attached to Kirkby and sometimes because of a wish to promote the quality of Malaya-based teacher training. The Kirkby scheme existed during the very last years of Malaya’s place in the former British Empire and came to an end a few years after Britain’s control of Malaya concluded in 1957. During twenty-first century re-evaluations of the Empire, this investigation sheds light on a colonised nation’s attitudes towards Britain.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"20 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48148578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parishes, Pandemics and Paths to Take: Post-Covid-19 Historical Options","authors":"K. Snell","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2022.2095734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2022.2095734","url":null,"abstract":"This article asks how Covid-19 should affect historical research, especially into local and parish history. It does so by addressing a number of key themes, such as the conduct of welfare history, and how Covid might influence historical medical research and ideas of locality. The effects of Covid on religion and the parish are examined, with an eye to historical precedent. The pandemic raises salient issues about the history of community and loneliness, discussed here. Covid, it is argued, has accentuated personal isolation and loneliness in society, highlighting many points and sources of historical comparison. It prompts important questions about historical sociability and human isolation. It has raised issues of local xenophobia and related emotions that have many echoes in our past. One needs to ask how far its restrictions on movement and issues of vaccine documentation were historically precedented. The article outlines these and related matters as an re-directive agenda for Covid-influenced research into parish and community history.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"3 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41602778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"A. King","doi":"10.1386/jmte_00036_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jmte_00036_2","url":null,"abstract":"This double issue of JMTE includes articles about composing with technology, music teacher self-efficacity, the use of technology in the classroom, novel musical instrument design linked to composing and critical listening skills. There is a clear focus on continuing professional development and teacher training in the articles in this issue.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"25 1","pages":"199 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44349404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transportation to the American Colonies, Execution Rates and the ‘Bloody Code’, 1675–1775","authors":"Louis Wakelin","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2021.2038966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2021.2038966","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that the transportation of British convicts to America limited Bloody Code implementation by dominating sentencing practices. The analysis employs the Old Bailey Online, newspapers, runaway slave advertisements, and ballads. These sources reveal that the secondary punishment which removed criminals, yet made use of them in a foreign country, was key to limiting executions between 1675–1775, undermining arguments that the Code collapsed suddenly in the 1820s. However, in doing so, transportation extended the legislation’s stay in the statute books, as literal enforcement would have uncovered complete unsustainability, warranting earlier deconstruction. This was exposed after the colonial secession as imprisonment and executions peaked, generating numerous issues before Australian transportation’s introduction restored the secondary option. Meanwhile, contemporary newspapers represented transportees as incorrigible felons, yet the Old Bailey Online reveals most were youthful minor offenders possessing useful characteristics. Transportation’s primary motivations were imperial and commercial, challenging arguments that it was merciful and reformative. The transatlantic convict trade bore similarities to slavery as it prioritised profitability, and transportees suffered terrible conditions, causing hundreds to flee despite low chances of escape. Contemporary perceptions that transportation was an ineffective deterrent are discredited, as its assimilation into popular culture shows it was a well-feared punishment.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"24 1","pages":"195 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43199844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The History of the Secret Garden, Glenfield Hospital","authors":"Charles Wyatt","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2021.2040157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2021.2040157","url":null,"abstract":"The article researches the history of the Secret Garden and Leicester Frith House, which is based at Glenfield Hospital in Leicester. The Secret Garden aims to restore a Victorian original walled kitchen garden to provide a therapeutic environment for both patients and staff of the hospital. It has never been more important have outdoor space. The Coronavirus Pandemic has highlighted how being outdoors allows communities of people to relax, recharge, recover and have space to think. This article expresses the Secret Garden Project’s wider aim of serving the local community with an area to unwind, learn and develop skills. Divided into two sections, the article begins by considering the medical history, exploring how the building developments reflect this type of history at the Frith. The second section focusses on the health benefits of having a garden environment within a hospital setting. Overall, this article will support the project by heightening the importance of the garden through both its history and its health benefits, helping contribute to the restoration and future developments of the garden.","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"24 1","pages":"270 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47668314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"M. Rothery","doi":"10.1080/14631180.2021.2038951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14631180.2021.2038951","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41391,"journal":{"name":"FAMILY & COMMUNITY HISTORY","volume":"24 1","pages":"193 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46299083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}