Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia最新文献

{"title":"Síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia y función sexual en las mujeres atendidas en un hospital de segundo nivel de Santander, Colombia: estudio transversal","authors":"F.J. Ortega-Torres,&nbsp;J. Mejía-Castellanos,&nbsp;O. González,&nbsp;H. Torres-Pinzón,&nbsp;J.S. Therán-León","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) comprises genital, sexual and urinary signs and symptoms arising from the hypoestrogenic state of the menopausal transition and postmenopause. It remains underdiagnosed and Latin American data are scarce. The objective was to describe the frequency of GSM and sexual dysfunction and to characterise the clinical profile of peri- and postmenopausal women attending an outpatient clinic.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional pilot study using consecutive non-probability sampling over a six-month observation window (September 2025 to March 2026) in the gynaecology outpatient clinic of a public secondary-level hospital. Women aged 40-70 years with a clinical diagnosis of perimenopause or postmenopause were included. Sexual function was assessed with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Spanish validated version (dysfunction: score ≤ 26.55), and GSM through global clinical judgement in accordance with the ISSWSH/NAMS consensus. Frequencies are reported with 95% confidence intervals (Wilson method). A pre-specified set of exploratory bivariate comparisons used Fisher's exact test, without correction for multiple comparisons in the main analysis (Holm adjustment as a sensivity analysis). Reporting follows the STROBE checklist.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-eight women were analysed (mean age 50.8<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->7.0 years). GSM frequency was 75.0% (95% CI: 56.6-87.3) and sexual dysfunction 67.9% (95% CI: 49.3-82.1); mean FSFI score was 20.0<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->8.7. Vaginal dryness (60.7%; 95% CI: 42.4-76.4) and pain during intercourse (35.7%; 95% CI: 20.7-54.2) predominated. Topical oestrogen therapy had been prescribed to 46.4% (95% CI: 29.5-64.2). In the pre-specified comparison, sexual dysfunction was more frequent among women with GSM than among those without (81.0% vs 28.6%; <em>P</em>=.020). No secondary comparison retained significance after Holm adjustment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>GSM and sexual dysfunction were highly frequent and appeared to be associated in this care setting. These descriptive, hypothesis-generating findings support systematic genitourinary and sexual history taking and require confirmation in studies with probability sampling and an a priori calculated sample size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 4","pages":"Article 101145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149211040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between gender-affirming hormone therapy and oncologic, mortality, safety, and screening outcomes in transgender women: A systematic review","authors":"A.C.G. Cortés,&nbsp;Y.C.C. Sandoval,&nbsp;I.V. Vega,&nbsp;D.A.S. Nonzoque,&nbsp;A.P.P. Bedoya,&nbsp;F.J.G. Ballesta","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is fundamental for transgender women, with clear psychosocial benefits; however, uncertainties remain regarding its impact on mortality, cancer, vascular safety, and screening adherence.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the association between GAHT and oncologic outcomes, mortality, thromboembolic safety, and screening adherence in transgender women.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Systematic review of cohort studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS. Ten studies including more than 40,000 participants were included, with narrative synthesis due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and the overall certainty of evidence for each main outcome domain was summarized using a GRADE-based approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall mortality was higher in trans women (SMR 1.51–2.8), with excess cardiovascular mortality. Breast cancer showed an intermediate risk (SIR 46.7 vs cis men; 0.3 vs cis women; 18 cases after 18 years). Prostate cancer was lower (SIR 0.20–0.39). Thromboembolic events were high in older regimens (up to 6.3% vs 0.42 expected). Mammography adherence was suboptimal (54.9%). The certainty of evidence was low for mortality, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and screening outcomes, and very low for thromboembolic safety because of observational design, residual confounding, indirectness, and imprecision.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>GAHT shows a heterogeneous profile: higher cardiovascular risk and mortality, intermediate breast cancer risk, and lower prostate cancer risk. Risks depend on hormone type, duration, and contextual factors. Screening gaps and methodological limitations persist. Because only a small number of observational studies were available across multiple outcomes, the findings should be interpreted cautiously and should not be considered causal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 4","pages":"Article 101147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacto del síndrome genitourinario de la menopausia en la función sexual","authors":"F.J. Espitia-De La Hoz","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GUMS) incorporates vulvovaginal and lower urinary tract signs and symptoms related to estrogen deficiency.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the impact of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause on female sexual function.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional study in 445 women (≥50 years with a year or more of amenorrhea) with a diagnosis of SGUM, who attended an outpatient gynecology consultation in three university clinics in Pereira (Colombia); between 2021 and 2024. The Index of Female Sexual Function (IFSF) instrument was used. Descriptive analysis is done.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Median age was 55 years (range: 50 to 78). The average age at menopause was 48.75<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->3.84 years. 62.92% experienced vaginal dryness and 53.25% decreased lubrication. The frequency and severity of symptoms increased with increasing age. In the total population, the IFSF score was 23.49<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->7.65. The percentage of women who presented ≤26.55 points (indicates risk of sexual dysfunction) was 69.21%. The most affected domains were desire (69.21%), followed by alteration of arousal (45.61%). 9.09% had one sexual dysfunction, 67.53% had two, and 23.37% had 3 or more, with a median of 3 sexual dysfunctions per woman (range: 1 to 5).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>2/3 of women with SGUM have a low score on the IFSF, which is associated with deterioration in sexual function. A holistic, person-centered care process is suggested that responds to the medical and sexual needs of older women, involving a multidisciplinary team.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 4","pages":"Article 101148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149211041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of a case: Bipolar hysteroscopic resection of a cervical ectopic pregnancy with embryonic cardiac activity","authors":"Dennis Ximena Murcia Acero,&nbsp;Daniel Anuar Rivera Hernández,&nbsp;Juan David Vega Padilla","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic gestation associated with a risk of massive haemorrhage, hysterectomy, and impaired reproductive potential. We report a cervical ectopic pregnancy with embryonic cardiac activity managed with bipolar hysteroscopic resection as the sole treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Main symptoms and/or clinical findings</h3><div>A 34-year-old primigravida with a spontaneous pregnancy at 6 weeks and 2 days of gestation presented with a 2-day history of scant vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain rated 4/10. She was haemodynamically stable and had no signs of peritoneal irritation. Gynaecological examination showed a posteriorly positioned, long, closed cervix with scant vaginal bleeding and no active haemorrhage.</div></div><div><h3>Main diagnoses, therapeutic interventions and results</h3><div>Transvaginal ultrasonography showed an empty uterine cavity and a 16.2-mm cervical gestational sac below the internal cervical os, containing an embryo with a crown–rump length of 6.3<!--> <!-->mm, embryonic cardiac activity at 116 beats/min, and a negative sliding sign. The initial serum β-hCG concentration was 8429<!--> <!-->mIU/mL. Hysteroscopy identified a 1.0<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->1.5-cm focus of trophoblastic tissue firmly attached to the endocervix. The trophoblastic tissue was resected under direct visualisation using a bipolar loop, with satisfactory haemostasis and no adjunctive treatment. Histopathological examination confirmed first-trimester chorionic villi. Serum β-hCG decreased to 522.76<!--> <!-->mIU/mL after 1 week and to &lt;1.2<!--> <!-->mIU/mL after 1 month, without complications or reintervention.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In carefully selected, haemodynamically stable patients diagnosed at an early gestational age, bipolar hysteroscopic resection may enable selective tissue removal, direct haemostatic control, and uterine preservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 4","pages":"Article 101146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149211342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformando la atención perinatal hacia un modelo más humano y respetuoso","authors":"Carmina Comas Gabriel,&nbsp;Laura Rodellar Merino,&nbsp;Oriol Porta Roda","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101144","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 4","pages":"Article 101144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149153483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Síntomas vasomotores y alteraciones del sueño y anímicas en el climaterio: nuevas perspectivas con las terapias dirigidas a los receptores de neuroquininas","authors":"M.J. Cancelo-Hidalgo ,&nbsp;P.J. Coronado-Martín ,&nbsp;M. Herrero-Conde ,&nbsp;A. Martínez-Aspas ,&nbsp;M.Á. Martínez-Maestre ,&nbsp;J. Perelló-Capo ,&nbsp;R. Sánchez-Borrego","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to menopause is a process of variable duration associated with various endocrine, physical, and psychological changes and irregular menstrual cycles. During this period, up to 85% of women experience climacteric symptoms, of which vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and sleep and mood disturbances (depression or anxiety) are among the most frequent and have the greatest impact on women's quality of life. Although VMS can impact sleep quality and mood, these symptoms can occur independently. This review addresses the epidemiology, relevance, and etiopathogenesis of VMS, sleep and mood disorders, and the current treatments (hormonal and other pharmacological and non-pharmacological options) available to relieve these cardinal climacteric symptoms. Advances in the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of these symptoms and, in particular, the role of neurotransmitters neurokinin B (NKB)—involved in several reproductive processes—and substance P—related to sleep and mood regulation—, and their receptors (neurokinin 3 receptor [NK-3R] and neurokinin 1 receptor [NK-1R]), have prompted the development of neurokinin receptor-targeted therapies for the treatment of menopause. These include fezolinetant (NK-3R antagonist) and elinzanetant (NK-3R and NK-1R antagonist). We update the available evidence on the improvement of these climacteric symptoms with neurokinin receptor-targeted therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of adjuvant extrafascial hysterectomy after chemoradiotherapy and the prognostic relevance of residual disease in locally advanced cervical cancer","authors":"T.A. de Sousa ,&nbsp;M.J.A. Nascimento ,&nbsp;S.M. Medeiros ,&nbsp;R.O. Macedo ,&nbsp;N.D.M. Dias ,&nbsp;M.C.M. Novais ,&nbsp;N.M.P.V. Barreto ,&nbsp;P.H. Zanvettor","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2026.101108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The impact of adjuvant extrafascial hysterectomy (AEH) after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) remains unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the association between AEH after CRT and oncologic outcomes in patients with LACC without clinical evidence of persistent disease, with emphasis on the frequency and prognostic relevance of residual disease (RD) among operated patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cohort study analyzed Brazilian patients with LACC treated with CRT at a tertiary center. After CRT, patients were divided into standard treatment (ST), consisting of surveillance with rescue surgery when persistent or recurrent disease was suspected or confirmed, and AEH, consisting of type A hysterectomy in patients without clinical evidence of persistent disease.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 181 patients were included: 137 (75.7%) in the ST group and 44 (24.3%) in the AEH group. RD was found in 52 operated patients (55.3%), including 18/44 (40.9%) in the AEH group and 34/50 (68.0%) in the ST group. In adenocarcinomas, RD remained high (37.5%) even after complete clinical response. Recurrence occurred in 72 patients (39.8%). Patients with RD had higher recurrence and distant metastasis rates. Crude mortality was lower in the AEH group (25.0% vs. 41.6%; <em>p</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.048). Among operated patients who died, 90.3% had RD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>RD was the main prognostic finding, being strongly associated with recurrence and death. Although lower crude mortality was observed in the AEH group, this finding should be interpreted cautiously given the retrospective design and baseline imbalance between groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 2","pages":"Article 101108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147710126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnóstico prenatal de síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann en un feto con nefromegalia bilateral: a propósito de un caso","authors":"M. Tarbal Roquer ,&nbsp;N. Capdevila Atienza ,&nbsp;C. Lesmes Heredia ,&nbsp;N. Baena Díez ,&nbsp;M. Comas Rovira","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2025.101088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2025.101088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is a congenital disorder characterized by excessive growth and a range of clinical manifestations, including macroglossia, macrosomia, polyhydramnios, visceromegaly, and abdominal wall defects, as well as an elevated risk of developing embryonic tumours, such as Wilms tumour. Most cases are sporadic, although about 15% are inherited. Prenatal diagnosis is a challenge due to its wide phenotypic variability.</div></div><div><h3>Main symptoms and clinical findings</h3><div>This case presents a prenatal and genetic diagnosis of BWS following the detection of bilateral nephromegaly and macroglossia on the second-trimester ultrasound in a 32-year-old pregnant woman, which led to suspicion of BWS.</div></div><div><h3>Main diagnosis</h3><div>Genetic confirmation was obtained through the analysis of methylation in the IC1 region of chromosome 11p15.5.</div></div><div><h3>Therapeutic intervention and results</h3><div>The pregnant woman developed severe preeclampsia at 37 weeks, and the pregnancy was terminated. The newborn's physical examination revealed macroglossia without airway involvement and macrosomia. Postnatal management required treatment for neonatal hypoglycemia, medical and surgical treatment for macroglossia, and subsequent early tumour diagnosis follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case highlights the importance of prenatal diagnostic suspicion and genetic studies in the early identification of BWS, enabling multidisciplinary follow-up during pregnancy in a tertiary care centre and appropriate postnatal management to prevent complications associated with these cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actualización de los efectos de la fisioterapia en el manejo de prolapsos de órganos pélvicos. Una revisión sistemática","authors":"D. Rivadulla-Lorenzo ,&nbsp;I. Da Cuña-Carrera ,&nbsp;A. Alonso-Calvete ,&nbsp;D. Tomé-Lage ,&nbsp;M. López-Pais","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2025.101086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2025.101086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pelvic organ prolapse is a common dysfunction among adult women worldwide, characterized by the pathological displacement of the uterus, bladder, or other organs from their anatomical position. This condition can lead to urinary, bowel, or sexual symptoms. Physiotherapy, as a conservative treatment, offers significant benefits in alleviating these symptoms. This review aims to analyze the most recent scientific evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of the latest physiotherapy treatments in managing prolapse.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A literature search was conducted in January 2025 across the databases PubMed®, Web of Science™, Scopus®, PEDro, SciELO, and CINAHL®. The descriptors «Pelvic Organ Prolapse» and «Physical Therapy Modalities» were used. Randomized controlled trials published in the last five years in English or Spanish were included.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 466 results were obtained, of which 10 were selected after meeting the inclusion criteria. The articles under review developed different physiotherapy interventions, among which the favorable effects of pelvic floor muscle training in reducing the degree of prolapse and improving quality of life and sexuality stand out.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Physiotherapy appears to have beneficial effects in improving quality of life, prolapse severity, and pelvic floor muscle strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tokophobia: A narrative review of etiology, prevalence, and treatment options","authors":"L. Esmalian Khamseh ,&nbsp;J. Jomeen ,&nbsp;R. Cousins ,&nbsp;M. Aruguete ,&nbsp;V. Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.gine.2025.101073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gine.2025.101073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tokophobia, the intense fear of childbirth, is increasingly recognized as a significant global health concern with serious implications for women's mental well-being and reproductive decisions. This narrative review explores its worldwide incidence and prevalence, revealing notable variations across regions—moderate to high rates are reported in Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Africa, while lower rates are observed in European countries. Tokophobia is associated with adverse mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and it also influences reproductive behavior, including reduced fertility and increased preference for elective cesarean sections. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2013 and 2023. The findings highlight the urgent need for early detection and targeted interventions to mitigate the psychological and reproductive consequences of tokophobia. Greater awareness and research into its complex interplay with maternal mental health are essential to inform clinical practice and public health strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":41294,"journal":{"name":"Clinica e Investigacion en Ginecologia y Obstetricia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145760739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}