Journal of Modern Chinese History最新文献

{"title":"Foreign experts in the People’s Republic of China: an historical review from the perspectives of modernization and globalization (1949-1966)","authors":"Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2022.2100643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2022.2100643","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the history of the People’s Republic of China we see two waves of foreign experts who contributed to China’s becoming a self-reliant, modern industrialized country. The first wave took place in the 1950s when experts from the Soviet Union and other Eastern Europe countries were dispatched to China. The second wave, beginning in the 1960s, was mainly driven by experts, workers and technicians from the Western capitalist countries. In the early days of the P. R. C, the arrival of a large number of Soviet experts precipitated the systems established by the CCP Central Committee and the State Council in order to manage issues related to the foreign experts. Under the leadership of a bureau within the State Council that was responsible for these issues, the system incorporated government organizations both at the central and local levels, including those established by Central ministries and commissions. Under the principle of “equal treatment,” the Chinese government made policies concerning payment and benefits for experts from capitalist countries, using as reference the standards observed in the Soviet Union and other East European countries in the mid-1950s. From the time when Soviet and East European experts departed China to 1966, the Chinese government still adhered to the principles of “seeking common ground” and “different approaches towards internal and external issues,” respectively. The approach of the Chinese government was largely cost efficient.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"41 1","pages":"195 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74427592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The international background of Sun Yat-sen’s The International Development of China","authors":"Tao Xu","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.2100641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.2100641","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Sun Yat-sen particularly treasured his English book The International Development of China (known in Chinese as Shiye Jihua), considering it as a general plan for China’s peaceful development and even more important than the armed struggles he led to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The formation and publication of the book, however, experienced a long, complex, and tortuous process. The manuscripts mixed both Chinese and English text, and fragments of the work had been printed out and published in many countries in several editions. Compared with text analysis of the book, which predominated in previous studies, the process of the formation of the book is still barely mentioned in the existing narratives and thus requires a thorough examination. The letters of Sun Yat-sen and his wife Soong Ching Ling to various quarters from 1918 to 1922 can be found in the files of personal archives, such as George Ephraim Sokolsky, Julean Herbert Arnold, Hendrik Christian Andersen, and Paul Samuel Reinsch, collected in cultural and educational institutions. These letters left various clues for revealing the formation of the book. By employing these documents, this article presents Sun’s book’s formational process and mainly analyzes the relevant international background.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"61 1","pages":"156 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73162143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Against all heterogeneities: Guo Songtao and the view of culture competition","authors":"Haijiang Zhou","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.2100607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.2100607","url":null,"abstract":"Historical materials are certainly the product of subjective construction, and the past records of disasters do belong to constructed discourses about disasters, but this construction itself is a real thing – a response of human beings to a particular disaster. The historical narrative of ecological history thus can stimulate both scientific reflection on history and deepen human contemplation on life and nature. The global ravages of the Covid-19 pandemic have already advanced and are bound to continue to advance the study of disasters all over the world. Because historical research in particular is likely to be reduced to a subordinate and marginal role within emerging disaster research, Xia believes that researchers on disaster history should conduct explorational research, build historiographic narratives, and meet the needs of the time. In this sense, Professor Xia’s book may provide much-needed insight for the current situation.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"16 1","pages":"259 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88337571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In search of change: the reform of the Qing government after the First Sino-Japanese War, 1895-1899","authors":"Gang Wang","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.1934288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.1934288","url":null,"abstract":"Emperor Guangxu as a weak and indecisive puppet, Li’s research shows that the emperor had a mind of his own, was groomed to be a competent monarch and carried out his duties with sincerity. His daily drafting of practice edicts (though without any real authority) demonstrates how the emperor’s teachers, Weng Tonghe in particular, used these exercises not only to reaffirm traditional values, but also to instill knowledge of foreign affairs, treaties, and ideas associated with reform. For historians of the late Qing, this book may provide valuable insights into how to use and discern the numerous types of records from different archival and published collections. The research is top-notch and the presentation of materials follows a clear set of motives and research agenda. Stylistically, the book is highly readable and free of academic jargon. For these reasons, it should be read by all Qing historians and students interested in institutional and political history and should be translated into English to facilitate classroom use and research.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"105 1","pages":"132 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78049557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Forty-Year Collection of Modern Chinese History Studies (5 vols., 1979-1990, 1991-2000, 2001-2006, 2007-2012, 2013-2018)","authors":"Xiao-xia Pan","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.2043597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.2043597","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"58 1","pages":"129 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83956607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern Chinese history studies in contemporary times","authors":"Xiuli Xu","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.2043600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.2043600","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT After the People’s Republic of China was founded, a system of Marxist historiography was soon established in modern Chinese history studies. Researchers began to conduct a systematic collection of historical records and made outstanding achievements in many fields of study. During the Cultural Revolution, academic research was brought to a standstill: there were few publications in modern history studies. When the country entered a period of reform and opening-up in 1978, modern Chinese history studies witnessed unprecedented prosperity: there was a breakthrough in the single-line narration of political and revolutionary history and in the use of a single theoretical methodology. Researchers have made outstanding achievements and developed modern Chinese history studies into a mature subdiscipline of historiography.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"34 1","pages":"78 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75746598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sunrise court: imperial audiences, court communications, and political decisions during the late Qing","authors":"J. Day","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.1934297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.1934297","url":null,"abstract":"Relationship between the Uprising of the Independent Army and Secret Societies” (Lun zilijun qiyi yu huidang de guanxi), Luo Rongqu’s “China’s Delayed Modernization in the Early Days: A Comparative Study of Modernization” (Zhongguo zaoqi xiandaihua de yanwu: Yixiang bijiao xiandaihua yanjiu), and Gong Shuduo’s “A Discussion of Western Learning in the Late Qing Period” (Wan-Qing xixue yueyi) demonstrate the restoration and development of modern Chinese history studies since the reform and opening-up and the contributions made by Chinese scholars to this field of study. The articles in each volume reflect the academic foci and growth points in the various short periods. The first volume’s selections, for example, reflect the characteristics that typified the restoration and reconstruction of historiography from 1979–1990: its articles were written from macroscopic perspectives and were open to reaction and discussion. In the second volume, beginning 1991, we see a breakthrough in cultural history studies that are relatively microscopic – topics such as modern Chinese advertising, lotteries, media, intellectual groups, and footbinding. We see increasing developments in these studies in the third volume. Finally, it should be noted that renowned foreign scholars, such as Kiyoshi Inoue, Marianne BastidBruguière, Naoki Hazama, and Arif Dirlik, have published articles in Modern Chinese History Studies. This indicates an open aspect of the journal. Forty years is not terribly long, but they have witnessed large twists and turns in research, publishing, and Chinese society – a historical phenomenon itself. The collection constitutes a sort of academic history. The works of the representative scholars have recorded how the study of modern Chinese history developed during the 40 years, and from changes in style and format we see how the norm of historical research developed. The changes of topics and foci in the studies conducted by successive generations have brought fresh approaches to modern history studies and indicate future growth in this field.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"7 1","pages":"130 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89592696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The setting up and adaptation of “democratic centralism” in the Chinese workers’ and peasants’ Red Army: the Jiangxi Fourth Red Army led by Mao Zedong","authors":"Xing Ying","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.1934291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.1934291","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Democratic centralism was a way of organizing political parties that was introduced by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from Soviet Russia in the twentieth century. Its introduction and adaptation underwent a convoluted process, in which the early years of the Agrarian Revolutionary War (1927–1937) served as a pivot. This happened because the Jiangxi Fourth Red Army (Jiangxi hongsijun), the CCP’s most important main force at that time, experienced a complex transformation in its leadership body and this sparked intense controversies within the Party. The present article reconstructs the process in which the Fourth Red Army gradually established and recognized the Front Committee (Qiandi weiyuanhui) appointed by the Central Committee of the CCP to hold centralized leadership over the army and its regional party organization in the revolutionary base areas. The article probes the different forms and operational characteristics of democratic centralism in the CCP’s army and local Party organizations. It presents the intricate relationships between the main Red Army and the local Party organizations at all levels. During the Yan’an period, the CCP more fully absorbed the Fourth Red Army’s historical experiences, and therefore facilitated the maturation of the practice of democratic centralism within the Party.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90727881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The entry of the “soviet” concept into China (1918-1928)","authors":"L. Jiang","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.2001222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.2001222","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The term “soviet” had two faces in the early twentieth century: on the one hand, a certain form of democratic reform, and on the other, a new development in political power, as established by Vladimir Lenin in the Marxist context of the dictatorship of the proletariat. During the May Fourth Movement, the concept of the soviet, in which specific professions each created its own body for political representation, was introduced into China and recognized by Chinese intellectuals. The Chinese Communists later chose Lenin’s theory and followed the Soviet-Russian path. But there was disagreement within the Comintern in Moscow as to which of the lessons of the Russian path should be transferred to China. Under Stalin’s leadership, the CCP decided to create a soviet shape for the regime it was imagining, rather than a revolutionary organization, but this ran into problems. The Chinese Soviet of Haifeng and Lufeng was often reduced to an empty slogan because it lacked the advantages of a peasant associations and other so-called mass organizations. Thereafter, the CCP had to adjust its Soviet Union orientation and grope for a Chinese way.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"144 1","pages":"34 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86200006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On a new work: Chinese historiography of the last forty years (1978-2018)","authors":"Qingyun Zhao","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2021.1993616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2021.1993616","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese historiography has always been in tandem with the times. When the Cultural Revolution was brought to an end, historiography played a unique role in the concurrent trend towards opening up intellectual curiosity and leading the right mindset. In this vein, professor Zhang Haipeng has edited a book titled Chinese Historiography of the Last Forty Years (1978–2018), published by China Social Sciences Press in 2018. It gives a detailed analysis of the development of various subdisciplines of Chinese historiography and a panoramic review of its changes in the recent forty years. The book is comprised of twenty-four articles organized rather flexibly. The first is “A Review of the Achievements in Chinese Historiography during the Recent 40 Years,” which provides a general overview. The rest of the articles focus on different fields of historical studies concerning China, including major disciplines such as archaeology, ancient history, modern and contemporary history, world history, and the history of the People’s Republic of China; there are subfields in, for example, Chinese local history, ethno-history, borderland history, geo-history, economic history, social history, cultural history, the history of historiography, historical theory, Sino-foreign relations, cities, the environment, medicine, religions, and the history of the Second World War. The editor gives the authors ample space and ample flexibility of style. The book is characterized by a loose arrangement, and each article has its own features. Some pose thematic questions; some are chronological; some present and assess representative works; and some are reflections upon theory and methodology. The authors are scholars and experts in their fields; they are generally speaking impartial in their analyses and develop their own understandings. The book provides valuable information on the forty-year development in Chinese historiography since China’s reform and openingup. Chinese Historiography of the Last Forty Years (1978–2018) basically pursues the following approaches: A large section is devoted to modern (from about 1840) Chinese history, with altogether seven pieces that focus on the history of Republican China, modern fiscal and financial history, Sino-foreign relations, plus social, intellectual, and cultural history. It also takes up theories of modern history.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"19 1","pages":"93 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73436000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}