MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"FIRE DESIGN OF WOOD CONNECTIONS LOADED IN SHEAR","authors":"E. Fonseca, P. Leite","doi":"10.20319/mijst.2019.52.6884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.52.6884","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work is to compare the fire resistance between wood-steel-wood (W-S-W) and wood-wood-wood (W-W-W) connections, both joined by steel dowel fasteners, in double shear. The analytical and design procedures follow simplified equations presented in Eurocode 5, part 1-1 and 1-2. A computational methodology, based on finite element method, was also implemented to produce two dimensional thermal simulations, which permits to verify the heating effect through the dowels fasteners or steel elements through the connection in study. Different cross-sections will be identified, considered as the most relevant parts, to compare the temperature distribution in the studied connections. According to the fire exposure, a thermal and transient effect will happen and a char-layer appearing in the exposure side of the connections. The measured quantity of the charred area permits to identify the lost structural material in the studied cross-sections. The charring rate will calculate and compared with the constant value proposed by the Eurocode 5, part 1-2. There are typical values for the charring rate of wood between 0.5-1.0mm/min according to Eurocode 5, part 1-2. However, as a general conclusion and additional information to help designers and professionals, the number of fasteners increases with the applied load, lower dowels diameters have higher effect in the number of fasteners, at fire exposure the steel fasteners bring the heat to inside the connections, and different wood densities affect the thermal behaviour and the charring rate evolution. The charring rate permits to quantify the lost layer thickness and the fire resistance of the connection, dependent on the chosen material density.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132339213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELLING OF FIRE EXPOSED COMPOSITE SLABS WITH STEEL DECK","authors":"P. Piloto, Carlos Balsa, F. Ribeiro, L. Santos, R. Rigobello, É. Kimura","doi":"10.20319/mijst.2019.52.4867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.52.4867","url":null,"abstract":"Composite slabs with reinforced concrete and cold-formed profiled steel deck are very popular and reduce the building construction time. The steel deck acts as a permanent formwork to the concrete topping. Usually, the concrete is reinforced with individual rebars placed within the ribs for positive bending, and a steel mesh on the top for negative bending and to prevent concrete cracking. The fire rating of these building elements involves the analysis of different criteria, namely load bearing (R), integrity (E) and insulation (I). The integrity is easily verified, due to the construction method. The other two metrics require the development of experimental fire tests, the application of simplified calculation methods or the development of advanced calculation models. This investigation introduces 3-D numerical validation models for load bearing (R) and insulation (I) criteria. Parametric analyses are developed to investigate the effect of the load into the fire resistance (R) and critical temperature of the steel components (deck, rebar and mesh), as well as the effect of the concrete thickness on the fire resistance from the insulation standpoint (I). The advanced calculation model consists of a non-linear analysis for the thermal and structural behaviour. Both thermal and mechanical models consider perfect contact between materials. For the thermal model, an alternative model is used, with an air gap included between the steel deck and concrete topping to simulate debonding effects. For the mechanical model, the live load level changes from 1.0 kN/m2 to 21.0 kN/m2, and the dead load presents a constant value of 2.8 kN/m2. The fire resistance is determined according to standards, based on the maximum displacement or the rate of displacement. The critical temperature of each steel component decreases with the load level. A new proposal is presented for the critical temperature of each steel component and for the fire resistance according to the insulation criterion.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126712992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ADVENT OF AUGMENTED REALITY EXPERIENCE IN RETAIL AND ONLINE SHOPPING AND ITS INFLUENCING SIGNIFICANCE IN FUTURE","authors":"J. SyedAliFathimaS., S. Shankar, B Surendiran, K. Saranya","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.52.3547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.52.3547","url":null,"abstract":"Augmented Reality (AR) is a trending technology that augments or superimposes an image generated by a computer system virtually into the real world environment for the user’s viewpoint using a smart phone or other hand held devices. AR shows recent advancements in the shopping domain with various implementation trails and refinement. The simplicity and flexibility in online shopping where people stay in their own place and do shopping brought a great challenge to retail shopping environment today. Retail stores are now struggling a lot to bring in the customers and the foot traffic has been greatly reduced due to which online sales are boosting and retail sales are stalling. This necessitates to bring new technological innovations to offline shopping to attract people. With the use of AR, it is possible to merge digital component to physical products in the store to stimulate the engagement of the shopping experience with more fun and joy. On the other hand, in the online shopping, though user reviews and product showcase aids the customers to analyze the quality, look and feel of diverse products, the buyer still cannot see how exactly the product fits in a real environment or how it works. Here plays AR a vital role in online shopping where it uses animations and visualization techniques to offer more value to their shoppers virtually aiding to see exactly the look of the product in user environment. This paper explains the advancement of AR in both retail and online shopping of various product domains with an implementation model of ShopAR for Online shopping and AR significance in near future.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"12 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128846134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AN EXPERT SYSTEM OF MRI SPINAL CORD TUMOR TYPES USING GLCM FEATURES FOR CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES","authors":"Shyni Carmel Mary S., S. Sasikala","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.52.2034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.52.2034","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic detection and classification of abnormal medical images are very challenging in computer assisted identification of anomaly which helps the physician and the experts. The work presented in this paper attempted integrated method for automatic classification of spinal cord tumor by determining feature values of the Sample image. The integration of algorithm such as Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) with Multivariate Support Vector Machine (MSVM) and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) classifiers approaches are producing effective results in spinal cord tumor classification. In the feature extraction stage, Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is used to compute the discriminative features. In the classification stage, the obtained features provide as input for the classification algorithm. Both approaches will classify the abnormal images along with its three types which are based on the location of the tumor existence in the spinal cord in an automatic process. Features extracted with GLCM integrated with MSVM produced 96% accuracy results. Similarly GLCM combined with KNN produced 86.5% accuracy during the classification. The performance shows the efficiency and adeptness of the integrated model.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115351115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHIRAL WOODPILE MORPHOLOGY OPTIMIZATION FOR PLASMONIC ENHANCED ENANTIOMERIC DETECTION IN PHARMACOLOGY QUALITY MANAGEMENT","authors":"Gautam Ramasamy, E. H. Khoo","doi":"10.20319/mijst.2019.52.0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.52.0119","url":null,"abstract":"The majority of pharmaceuticals currently in circulation are chiral compounds; mostly sold as equimolar mixtures of two enantiomers. Albeit, they have identical chemical structures, the human body metabolizes each enantiomer by separate pathways due to their different handedness. Hence, one isomer may exhibit the intended pharmaceutical effect, whereas the other exists as an inactive impurity or, occasionally, may engender undesirable side-effects and toxicity, like in the Softenon disaster which caused circa one thousand congenital disabilities (International Union of Crystallography, 2016). Therefore, it is imperative to promote chiral separation and analysis of chiral drugs in pharmaceutical manufacture to eliminate the undesirable enantiomer (Nguyen, He, & Pham-Huy, 2006). Recently, plasmonic-enhanced metamaterials have been shown to amplify the subtle circular dichroic effects of chiral molecules by many orders of magnitude, making enantioselective assays more precise by amplifying the CD signal, enabling discrimination of nuanced spectral features, never seen before (Nguyen et al., 2006). This paper advances the sensitivity of CD spectroscopy by studying a newly designed chiral woodpile nanostructure that uses plasmon-generated superchiral near fields to enhance the dissymmetry of chiral molecules and magnify their chiroptical effects. Simulated to outperform gammadion arrays proposed by competitor papers by 1206 %, it empowers increased measurement precision in the assessment of enantiomeric excess in the quality management of drug manufacture, increasing safety. Furthermore, it may potentially lead to earlier detection of diseases such as HIV and other viruses. Lastly, for the first time, this paper proposes a revolutionary but intuitive mechanism to explain the generation of the superchiral near field of a plasmonic-enhanced nanostructure. Shown to corroborate with simulation, it provides a more profound understanding of the underlying mechanisms beyond just the ‘plasmon-plasmon coupling’ which preceding works have already discussed. This knowledge opens up new avenues to develop nanostructures with even stronger circular dichroic properties. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.52.0119 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121837228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SIMPLE DESALINATION PROCESS FOR MAKING AGRICULTURAL CULTIVATION SOLUTION FROM SEAWATER USING NATURAL ZEOLITE AND ACTIVATED ALUMINA","authors":"T. Wajima","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.159166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.159166","url":null,"abstract":"We attempted to make agricultural cultivation solution from seawater with a two-step process using natural zeolite and activated alumina. Natural zeolite used in this study is Japanese mordenite-type zeolite with high content of Ca2+ as exchangeable cation. Activated alumina can remove anions, SO42- and Cl-, and divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+, better than monovalent cations, Na+ and K+, from seawater. By treating seawater with natural zeolite, the obtained solution contains higher divalent cations and lower monovalent cations than seawater, due to the ion exchange of natural zeolite, and removal of cations from the obtained solution is higher than that from seawater using activated alumina, while removal of anions is almost same. Radish sprouts can be grown in the solution after two-step treatment of natural zeolite and activated alumina, while they cannot be grown in seawater and the solutions after one-step treatment of natural zeolite and activated alumina. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.159166 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116161893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CORROSION AND FATIGUE OF HEAT TREATED MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL 1.4542 USED FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS","authors":"A. Pfennig, A. Kranzmann","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.138158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.138158","url":null,"abstract":"During capture and storage technology (CCS) as well as in geothermal energy production steels need to withstand the corrosive environment such as: heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer and CO 2 -partial pressure. 1.4542 shows unusual corrosion phenomena, but is still sufficiently resistant in corrosive environments. To better understand its behaviour differently heat treated coupons of 1.4542 and for comparison X20Cr13 and X46Cr13 were kept in the artificial brine of the Northern German Basin at T=60 °C. Ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in water saturated supercritical CO 2 and CO 2 -saturated synthetic aquifer environment was applied. Fatigue tests were performed via push-pull tests with a series of 30 specimens from 150 MPa to 500 MPa (sinusoidal dynamic test loads, R=-1; resonant frequency ~ 30 Hz). FeCO 3 and FeOOH are corrosion products also after dynamic corrosion tests. Martensitic microstructure offers good corrosion resistance in geothermal environment. The S-N-curve showing no typical fatigue strength and very steep slopes of possible fatigue strength for finite life. Possible influencing artefacts, such as Al-inclusions could not be correlated to early rupture despite specimens containing inclusions at the fracture surface and cross section reached lower number of cycles. Applied potential proofed to enhance fatigue life tremendously. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.138158 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"29 41","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132272087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INFLUENCE OF SURFACE QUALITY ON THE CORROSION AND CORROSION FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF HIGH ALLOYED STEELS EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT SALINE AQUIFER WATER ENVIRONMENTS","authors":"A. Pfennig, Andre Gröber, R. Simkin, A. Kranzmann","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.115137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.115137","url":null,"abstract":"Coupons of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 with different surface roughness that may be utilized as injection pipe with 16% Chromium and 0.05% Carbon (1.4542, AISI 630) were exposed for 3000 h to CO2-saturated saline aquifer water simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin at ambient pressure and 60 °C. Additionally, corrosion fatigue experiments (ambient pressure, technically clean CO2, saline aquifer water of Stuttgart Aquifer) were performed using specimen of X46Cr13 (1.4043, AISI 420C) with regard to the influence of the roughness of technical surfaces on the number of cycles to failure at different stress amplitudes. Specimen of duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-3-2 (1.4462) for corrosion fatigue experiments were provided with technical surfaces after machining as well as polished surfaces. Results were obtained at load amplitudes ranging from 175 MPa to 325 MPa in the geothermal brine of the Northern German Basin at 98 °C. The main precipitation phases on the surface as well as within pits reveal carbonates or hydroxides such as siderite (FeCO3) and ferrous hydroxide goethite (FeOOH) independent of the original surface roughness. Corrosion rates for polished and technical surfaces were below 0.005 mm/year compared to corrosion rates of 0.035 mm/year after shot peening. Specimen with technical surfaces tested at high stress amplitudes (>275 MPa) lasted longer (cycles to failure: P50% at Sa 300 MPa=5x105) than specimen with polished surfaces (cycles to failure: P50% at Sa 300 MPa=1.5x105). This behavior is emphasized by the slope coefficient (technical surfaces k = 19.006, polished surfaces k=8.78) meaning earlier failure for polished at high stress amplitude Sa. Although rather low scatter ranges (technical surface: TN=1:1.35, polished surface: TN=1.1.95) indicate no change in failure mechanism it may be assumed that at low stress pitting is the initiating crack growth process whereas at high stress amplitudes the formation of micro cracks is reason for crack propagation and failure. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.115137 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130834849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OILS ON THE METALLIC CORROSION AND THE STABILITY OF METALS IN A CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT","authors":"S. Aluvihara, J. Premachandra","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.5972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.5972","url":null,"abstract":"Crude oil is a supreme earth resource that essential in most of industrial applications while having some adverse effects in the crude oil refining process regarding metals such as the corrosion. According to the general definition usually the corrosion is the formation of metal oxides, sulfides, hydroxides or any compound related with carboxylic group. In the environment of crude oils the corrosion is highly depended on the sulfur, organic acids, mercaptans and salts composed in crude oils and also the chemical compositions of such metals. In the current research it was expected to investigate the relative effects of corrosive properties on the rate of corrosion in seven selected types of metals which are frequently used in the Sri Lankan crude oil refining industry and the stability of those metals against the effect of both Murban and Das Blend crude oils regarding the composition and properties. Corrosive properties of both crude oils were determined using in order to XRF analyzer, titration methods and salt analyzer also the chemical compositions of each metal was determined by XRF detector. Batches of equal sized metal coupons from seven types of metal were dipped in crude oils separately and their corrosion rates were determined after 15, 30 and 45 days while observing through an optical microscope. The metallic concentration in each crude oil sample was tested by AAS. The initial and the hardness after the corrosion were tested in each metal coupon. According to the observed results Das Blend was ahead regarding sulfur content, mercaptans content and acidity even though higher corrosion rates were shown by four types of metals in Murban than the corrosion rate in Das Blend. The slight reductions in the hardness were found in each metal coupon and some significant metallic concentrations were found in both crude oils regarding some metals forever. Article DOI:  https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.5972 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126884519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON GENERALIZATION OF EXTENDING ACTS AND M-JECTIVE ACTS","authors":"S. Abdul-Kareem","doi":"10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.7384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20319/MIJST.2019.51.7384","url":null,"abstract":"An S-act  is called a generalized extending act (for short a GE-act) if the following condition is satisfied: If  = , and X is subact of, then there exist  is a retract of  (i = 1, 2) such that is a complement of X in . In this article, the notion of generalized extending S-act is introduced and studied as a concept of generalizing extending act which was presented by the author. Some properties of such acts in analogy with the known properties for extending acts are illustrated .Besides, the author has introduced in a diagram of acts and homomorphisms, the concept of generalized of quasi injective which is also representing a generalization of M-injective acts. Here we introduce the concept of M-jective acts, which is a generalization of the concept of M-injectivity. An S-act Y is called X-jective if every complement Z of Y in  is a retract, where  = X Y. The concept of M-jective acts is used here to solve the problem of finding a necessary and sufficient condition for a direct sum of extending acts to be extending. Indeed, we show that relative jectivity is necessary and sufficient for a direct sum of two extending acts to be extending as in module theory. Some properties and characterizations of generalizing extending act and M-jective act are illustrated. Conditions on which subact inherit the property of generalizing extending act were demonstrated. The relationship among extending act and generalizing extending act, act with condition and generalizing extending act was elucidated. Conclusions and discussion of this work were clarified in the last section. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2019.51.7384 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.","PeriodicalId":411113,"journal":{"name":"MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128461873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}