Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana最新文献

{"title":"Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century","authors":"Aleksander Bołdyrew, Karol Łopatecki","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.201","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episode from the history of Baltic trade: Import of paper to the Moscow state","authors":"Dmitriy I. Weber, E. Nosova","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.104","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to one of the episodes of trade in the Baltic region, namely the import of paper into the Moscow state. The emphasis is not on the fact of the availability of European paper based on filigree, but an attempt has been made to consider the ways of supplying this important writing material through written sources. It is known that one of the ports of delivery of paper in earlier modern times was Arkhangelsk, but this article considers the important trade route for the Moscow state as the cities of Livonia. Despite the fact that it is difficult to compare it with, for example, the Lower Rhine or the Netherlands in terms of the amount of paper sold, the Baltic region is the one to which Moscow State was referred. The Hanseatic cities of Riga and Reval were the main paper supply centers throughout the fifteenth century, but the registers of the Zund tax show an increase in Narva’s position. This source, in particular, notes a significant number of ships going to Narva with paper, for example, from Dieppe. A sharp increase in the supply of paper precisely during the period when the city belonged to the Moscow state, during the Livonian War. This suggests that Narva was one of the most important points of French paper deliveries during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Center of Slavs and Vikings in Wolin, Poland. History, scenography, story and efect","authors":"Wojciech Filipowiak, M. Bogacki, K. Kokora","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.106","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the authors analyze the Center of Slavs and Vikings (hereinafter Centrum), a reconstruction of early medieval Wolin functioning as an open air museum. The reconstruction was made on an islet on the Dziwna Strait, opposite the center of Wolin. In the early Middle Ages, the city was one of the largest craft and trade centers on the Baltic Sea. It appears in numerous written sources and has been the subject of archaeological research for nearly 200 years. Its history is connected with the legend of Jómsborg and Vineta. The idea of ​​building an archaeological and ethnographic open-air museum was established in 1958 in archaeological circles. For various reasons, this intention was not realized during the period of the Polish People’s Republic. In 1992, the Viking Festival (today the Festival of Slavs and Vikings) was initially organized in Wolin, which is now one of the largest reenactors’ events in Europe. As the festival developed, elements of its scenery were created. In 2002, the local Wolin–Jomsborg–Vineta Center of Slavs and Vikings Association was registered with the aim of building the Center. It was opened in 2008 and has been gradually expanding with new elements. The center is a historical park that presents a simplified vision of the early Middle Ages, with little reference to the history of the city and the region. The success of the Slavs and Vikings Festival and the Center became its greatest disadvantage ― it ceased to be a reconstruction of early medieval Wolin. The content presented there is related to the subculture of performers and as such is not original ― similar forms can be found in other facilities of this type in Poland and abroad. The presented image of the Slavs is simplified in a way that is assimilable to the contemporary recipient ― the emphasis is on nature-related spirituality, courage, honor, freedom, ecology. On the other hand, content that would be unacceptable in contemporary culture (e. g. the role of women) is omitted. The lack of cooperation with professionals makes the activities of the Center chaotic, confusing the notion of tradition with reconstruction, history with story, archeology with handicraft, and finally science with guesswork. Creating new content on the basis of selective historical knowledge and presenting it as «revived traditions» requires special attention in Western Pomerania, where due to the population exchange after 1945 there is a real problem of regional identity. The center, run by a private association, is dynamic and is a success as a product of promotion and tourism. Nevertheless, its success resulted in the «privatization of heritage», which most of the region’s inhabitants do not identify with. To counteract this, the authors postulate increasing cooperation between private entities (Association, Center) and public institutions (the Museum, Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences).","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liubech castle: In search of symbols and meanings","authors":"Ihor Viktorovich Kondratiev","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.107","url":null,"abstract":"Liubech castle is one of the symbols of the Kievan Rus. According to the original plan of B. A. Rybakov, Liubech was supposed to become an example of a classic feudal castle. In the context of this idea, a thesis about the high level of development of feudal relations in the pre-Mongol period, significant economic and social development, complexity and perfection of architectural structures formed. The meanings built in the series of publications were displayed in the corresponding series of graphic reconstructions. Gradually this image relegates to the background and the image of the strong state authority becomes the main one. The preformed set of ideas about the Liubech Congress of 1097 became the ideological context of such interpretation. The main structure which was not in previous versions is introduced in the descriptions of the castle ― the palace. Formation of this meaning ended by direct comparison of Liubech and Moscow. But comparison of B. A. Rybakov’s materials with historical data, as well as with materials from the excavations of Liubech in 2010–2012, allows to claim that the created reconstruction of the castle of the 10th–11th centuries does not correspond to the declared historical period, but represents an interpretation of the structures of the 16th–18th centuries. Nevertheless, there are every chances for the Liubech castle to go beyond the graphic image and become a real tourist attraction. Working documents for the restoration work were prepared in 2012. It was planned to carry out the project basing on the reconstruction by B. A. Rybakov. The use of cultural heritage for the formation of Ukrainian national identity, as well as the rich history of the castle in the 16th–18th centuries can become the new meaning of the monument. For now the project is not implemented due to lack of funding.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Written and visual expressions of authority of female monastic institutions in Medieval Livonia: 13th to 15th centuries","authors":"Gregory Leighton","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.102","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase in accessible academic work on the crusading movement in the eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations of the visual culture of this region, and reconsiderations of the roles played by women in the medieval world in general, this article turns from the central regions of the study of Medieval Europe to the periphery. It begins by providing a historical overview of the sources, commenting on the sparsity of specific representations of women in the narrative texts for the Livonian crusades produced in the 13th century. Following this overview, it analyses the representations of women in the vast amount of charter evidence available for the study of Livonia. The first part of the article looks at the ways these institutions were patronized as a result of their intercessory authority. Looking at donations from the 13th to the 15th century, this article also comments on the ways in which private citizens, church officials, and members of the Teutonic Order viewed these intercessory powers. The second part also considers the economic authority gained by these institutions, particularly in the form of land donations. Finally, this article addresses the ways in which women of authority styled themselves in the written documents and depicted their power in the form of visual media, particularly on seals but also in the form of architecture.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67787712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Courland campaigns 1705–1706","authors":"Mariusz Balcerek","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.213","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to present a critical book by Vladimir Sergeyevich Velikanov, and Sergey Leonidovich Mekhnev caught our attention to the Courland campaign of 1705–1706 and the battle of Gemauerthof (lat. Mūrmuiža). The authors of the reviewed work described a fragment of the Great Northern War, which was unknown until now.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rogvolod’s polity and formation of an ethnopolitical organization on the territory of the Middle Dvina in the Хth century","authors":"Y. Kezha","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.208","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the first stages in the formation of an ethnopolitical community on the territory of the Belarusian Dvina, known from the annals as «Polochane». Using basic principles developed by the Vienna School of Historical Ethnography, the author identifies significant socio-political changes in the early medieval (9th–10th centuries) history of Eastern Europe due to the emergence of new elites. The formation of stable ethnopolitical communities is associated with the emergence of these elite groups . The absence of particular artifacts of northern European origin in Polotsk and the Polotsk okrug in the 9th – the first half of the 10th century suggests the independent formation of this center on the basis of local social structures. Significant socio-political changes in Eastern Europe arose during the Viking era (9th–10th centuries), and penetration of the North European military-trade groups into the territory of the Middle Dvina was associated with the beginnings of the active functioning of the West-Dvina branch of the Baltic-Black Sea route (the trade route «from the Varangians to the Greeks»). The development of this route became the main reason why Scandinavian leader Rogvolod came to the Polotsk region and formed a territorial and political organization, conditionally referred to as the «Rogvolod Polity». After the middle to the second half of the 10th century, a social transformation took place on the territory of the Middle Dvina, associated with the formation of elite military-trade groups and the formation of a brigade culture. The Rogvolod Polity, as the first stable territorial and political organization in the Dvina basin, created the institutional foundations for the subsequent consolidating ideology (the «core of tradition» according to R. Wenskus), embodied in the 11th century Polotsk princes Rogvolodovichi in the formation of the ethno-political community «Polochane».","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One more time about tactics and weaponry","authors":"J. Sowa","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2021.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.212","url":null,"abstract":"Mark W. Shearwood’s study is devoted to the use of plug bayonets in the English army in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries. The author has shown that the plug bayonet was a more universal weapon than the socket bayonet. He rightly emphasizes in the conclusions of his work that when studying the history of military weaponry, especially in the pre-industrial period, specific dates for weaponry changes in particular armies and units cannot be provided. The conclusion is right that the plug bayonet was not supposed to replace pikes completely as was originally assumed by the then commanders; initially, the bayonets were used to equip troops of dragoons and grenadiers, i. e. the soldiers that did not have pikes on their equipment before. This study on the rearmament of individual armies is of interest to historians dealing with Central and Eastern Europe. It is connected with the important question of the continuity in the field of weapons between the West and Central and Eastern Europe at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. It seems that on the basis of the preserved source base it is not possible to jump at any conclusions concerning the use of the plug bayonet going further than those presented by the author.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67788685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Особенности описания «своих» и «чужих» в космографическом введении «Повести временных лет»","authors":"Петров Николай Игоревич","doi":"10.18413/2687-0967-2020-47-3-541-551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18413/2687-0967-2020-47-3-541-551","url":null,"abstract":"В статье рассматривается структура космографического очерка «Повести временных лет» с целью объяснить особенности летописного описания «своих» и «чужих». На основании анализа структуры текста показывается, что летописное изложение событий соответствует стандарту раннеисторического описания, выработанного в мировой литературе. Структурный анализ текста показывает, что рассматриваемый космографический очерк в начале ПВЛ былнеобходим летописцу для концептуально-смыслового соединения сюжетов ветхозаветной и славянской истории. Автор обращает внимание на то, что схема летописного повествования схожа с ветхозаветной книгой Иисуса Навина, повествующей о завоевании богоизбранным народом земли Ханаанской. Таким образом летописец соотносит раннюю историю славян с ветхозаветными сюжетами. Вводя в летопись описания жизни и быта славянских племен, демонстрирующие их принципиальные культурные отличия от полян, автор тем самым обосновывает политическое исакрально-обрядовое доминирование полян и определяет Киев как безальтернативный центр Древней Руси.","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48923171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From syncretism to Christianization: Historiography approaches to the religiosity of the early medieval BulgarsFrom syncretism to Christianization: Historiography approaches to the religiosity of the early medieval Bulgars","authors":"Dmitriy I. Polyvyannyy","doi":"10.21638/spbu19.2018.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2018.211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41089,"journal":{"name":"Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana","volume":"1 1","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67786214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}