{"title":"Role of Venture Capital as a Source of Finance for Small and Medium Enterprises in Afghanistan","authors":"Aimal Mirza, Fahim Sabah","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3280251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3280251","url":null,"abstract":"Venture capital is an important source of finance for small businesses although it is least understood. The Venture Capital financing market in Afghanistan is inactive and mainly targets large companies instead of small to medium enterprises. The study sought to evaluate the role of venture capital as a source of finance for small to medium enterprises (SMEs) in Afghanistan. The objectives of the study were to review the types of venture capital financing in Afghanistan, identify the factors that drive the venture capital financing and impact of venture capital on small business development. The study adopted a quantitative methodology in order to investigate the subject. Questionnaires were administered on respondents. The respondents were from the Ministry of Commerce, ACCI, AISA, MISFA, and financial Institutions. An overall response rate of 89.66% was achieved. The study established that government was the main financer of venture capital financing in Afghanistan. Further, stable economic environment, investor protection and corporate governance and well developed capital markets were found to be main determinants of venture capital financing. The study also established that the role of venture capital financing played an important role in the areas of employment creation, investment, export growth as well as innovation and creativity. Overall venture capital financing is an alternative financing option for SMEs. However, the development of venture capital market is being constrained by the economic environment, lack of a vibrant capital market, no regulatory framework regards corporate governance and investor protection. The study recommends that development of entrepreneurship by having an active venture capital market, stable macroeconomic environment and regulatory framework that protect investors.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"97 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120932932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Financing Entrepreneurship and Innovation in China: A Public Policy Perspective","authors":"L. Cong, Charles M. C. Lee, Yuanyu Qu, Tao Shen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3249278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3249278","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports on the current state-of-affairs in the funding of entrepreneurship and innovations in China and provides a broad survey of academic findings on the subject. We discuss the implications of these findings for public policies governing the Chinese financial system. In particular, we conclude that regulations governing the initial public offering (IPO) process in China are antiquated and in dire need of reform. We also identify and discuss promising areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116893107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Size-Dependent Policies and Efficient Firm Creation","authors":"Sakai Ando","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3207029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3207029","url":null,"abstract":"I study the welfare implications of size-dependent firm regulation policies (SDPs) in the presence of entrepreneurial risks. Although SDP has been considered a source of misallocation, I show that, once entrepreneurial risks are taken into account, SDP can improve efficiency. Quantitatively, I show that, based on French data, removing the SDP leads to output and welfare loss by 1.5% and 1.3%, respectively, in opposition to the output gain reported by the previous literature that abstracts from risks. Qualitatively, I solve an optimal non-linear SDP problem and show that the observed SDP shares certain features with the optimal SDP. The analysis uncovers a novel tradeoff between the inefficiencies of the intensive and extensive margins. In extension, it is shown that (1) whether SDPs improve efficiency depends on the level of financial development and (2) capital accumulation and consumption-smoothing motive further justify SDPs.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127201631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crowdfunding: A Short Past and Long Future","authors":"Melina Moleskis, Inés Alegre","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3163006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163006","url":null,"abstract":"Early research on crowdfunding has shed light on the phenomenon by tapping on diverse theoretical perspectives but has remained largely siloed. In view of the fragmented literature on the topic, ample scholarly opportunities exist for addressing interesting research questions and studying crowdfunding at varying levels of analysis, contexts and geographies. In this paper, we seek to encourage future inquiries by identifying significant research gaps. We perform a systematic review of the fragmented literature and critically discuss the application of management theories at four distinct levels of analysis (fundraisers, projects, funders and platforms).","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128288849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Cortes, Yuliya Demyanyk, Lei Li, Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan
{"title":"Stress Tests and Small Business Lending","authors":"K. Cortes, Yuliya Demyanyk, Lei Li, Elena Loutskina, Philip E. Strahan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3129108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3129108","url":null,"abstract":"Post-crisis stress tests have altered banks’ credit supply to small business. Banks affected by stress tests reduce credit supply and raise interest rates on small business loans. Banks price the implied increase in capital requirements from stress tests where they have local knowledge, and exit markets where they do not, as quantities fall most in markets where stress-tested banks do not own branches near borrowers, and prices rise mainly where they do. These reductions in supply are concentrated among risky borrowers. Stress tests do not, however, reduce aggregate credit. Small banks increase their share in geographies formerly reliant on stress-tested lenders.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"1 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115496836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Law and Blockchain: A Legal Perspective on Current Regulatory Trends Worldwide","authors":"Stéphane Blemus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3080639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3080639","url":null,"abstract":"This paper expounds the latest main regulatory projects and industry-wide consultations in the United States (US), in the European Union (EU) and in the main economic countries where distributed ledgers (thereafter, “Blockchain”) regulations have been discussed, proposed and/or adopted. \u0000In just a few years, the Blockchain has become a major topic for public decision-makers worldwide. As this disruptive and decentralized technology has emerged as a key business issue for start-ups and market participants, the central banks and financial regulators have changed, most notably in the US and in the EU, from an initial strong hostility to a more cautious and market-friendly position. \u0000The paper extensively covers and compares the current regulatory trends in selected relevant countries on the various applications enabled or issues raised by the Blockchain technology (Bitcoin/virtual currencies/crypto-tokens, smart contracts, decentralized autonomous organization (“DAO”), initial coin offerings/“ICO”…). \u0000Three main regulatory items should be distinguished and will be analyzed separately thereafter: \u0000(I) the virtual currencies regulation, \u0000(II) the ICO (and crypto tokens) regulation, and \u0000(III) the legal validity of Blockchain technology and smart contracts.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"335 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122745082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Theory of Crowdfunding — A Mechanism Design Approach with Demand Uncertainty and Moral Hazard: Comment","authors":"M. Ellman, Sjaak Hurkens","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3094034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3094034","url":null,"abstract":"Strausz (2017) claims that crowdfunding implements the optimal mechanism design outcome in an environment with entrepreneurial moral hazard and private cost information. Unfortunately, his analysis, solution and claim depend critically on imposing an untenable condition (29) that he had explicitly discarded from his weak feasibility concept.1 This condition is essentially equivalent to ex post participation. We explain why it is inconsistent to assume consumers can opt out after learning the entrepreneur's cost structure in a model of fraud. We then study weak feasibility without the corresponding ex post participation constraint. We provide a simple example of a crowdfunding design that raises profit and welfare by tolerating some fraud risk. This shows how cross-subsidizing between cost states relaxes the most restrictive moral hazard constraints and generates better outcomes. We then characterize the optimal mechanism in the case of one consumer and two cost states. In general, this must hide information, including prices, from consumers. So crowdfunding cannot implement these optima.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128418858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fewer and Less Skilled? Human Capital, Competition, and Entrepreneurial Success in Manufacturing","authors":"M. Ayyagari, Vojislav Maksimovic","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3093443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3093443","url":null,"abstract":"We use micro data on skills to analyze the human capital of entrepreneurial and incumbent plants in U.S. manufacturing over 2005-2013. We find a large drop in cognitive skills in entrepreneurial plants. This has long-term implications since initial cognitive skills at the plant level predict future skills and growth rates. The gap between entrant and incumbent skills increases with exposure to Chinese imports, with entrants' skills falling and those of incumbents increasing. Import competition explains between 17%-60% of the skill differential between entrants and incumbents. While high skilled incumbents grow faster than low skilled establishments in exposed industries, the evidence for entrants is weaker. Overall, we find that entrepreneurial firms and incumbents are acquiring different skill sets, leaving entrants more exposed to the risk of automation or offshoring.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123399573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Cost of Financing Education: Can Student Debt Hinder Entrepreneurship?","authors":"K. Krishnan, Pinshuo Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2586378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2586378","url":null,"abstract":"We find that student debt is negatively related to the propensity to start a firm, particularly larger and more successful ventures. An exogenous change due to the Higher Education Amendments of 1998, which made student debt completely nondischargeable through personal bankruptcy, reduced the likelihood of entrepreneurship by student loan borrowers that were already in four-year college at the time of this regulation. Moreover, an exogenous shock to the level of student debt due to the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 negatively impacts entrepreneurship rates for students already in four-year college at the time of this regulation. Entrepreneurs with more student debt are more likely to fall behind on their student debt payments, and this relation is mitigated when their ventures are successful. Our evidence indicates that student debt inhibits entrepreneurship by exacerbating the effect of negative business outcomes on the individual. Data and the internet appendix are available at https://doi.org/10....","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126220230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Crowdfunding: A Brief Overview of its Role in Entrepreneurship","authors":"Rodolfo C. Rivas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3041053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3041053","url":null,"abstract":"The entrepreneurship path is not easy, it is a complicated one and full of obstacles. Fortunately, the advent of the Internet and the concurrent advances in technology have democratized a large number of activities that in the past remained available to a limited few; entrepreneurship is a fine example of one of the activities being democratized by technology. Within all those innovations, crowdfunding has emerged as a new form of funding and collaboration for entrepreneurs, through which entrepreneurs rely on the power of the crowds to support projects that would otherwise be very difficult to carry out alone or without the financial support offered by more conventional sources. Although crowdfunding is relatively new, it has proven to be a valuable tool for entrepreneurs in developing their projects. In this paper we will briefly explore the concept of crowdfunding and how it has evolved in its short history including some of its result so far. Furthermore, we will compare it with traditional financial models ie. VCs and see how crowdfunding fares. We will then turn to explore some of the challenges that have emerged in the nascent industry— some of which will hopefully be addressed by regulation changes in future iterations of crowdfunding models as it evolves. Notwithstanding these challenges, we firmly believe that crowdfunding has already opened up opportunities for entrepreneurs that were not previously available previously, and this is a very good thing.","PeriodicalId":409712,"journal":{"name":"ERPN: Entrepreneurs (Finance) (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128182376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}