Living Reviews in Landscape Research最新文献_第2页

Scale Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment and Monitoring of the Cultivation of Genetically Modified Herbicide-Resistant Sugar Beet: A Review 转基因抗除草剂甜菜种植环境风险评估与监测的规模意义综述

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2010-3

F. Graef, G. Schütte, B. Winkel, H. Teichmann, M. Mertens

{"title":"Scale Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment and Monitoring of the Cultivation of Genetically Modified Herbicide-Resistant Sugar Beet: A Review","authors":"F. Graef, G. Schütte, B. Winkel, H. Teichmann, M. Mertens","doi":"10.12942/LRLR-2010-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/LRLR-2010-3","url":null,"abstract":"Genetically modified herbicide-resistant (GMHR) sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) has been cultivated in the US for several years and an application has been submitted for cultivation in Europe. Concerns have been raised about how GMHR sugar beet cultivation might impair the agro-environment. European legislation for GM plants requires, prior to their commercial import and/or cultivation, a stepwise reduction of the containment and a gradual increase in the scale of release. Experimental results gained during this procedure enter an environmental risk assessment; after the GM plant approval, a systematic monitoring of potential adverse environmental effects is required. We collected information on sugar beet biology and cultivation and the HR technology. We categorised the literature findings, evaluated the evidence of agro-environmental effects and indicated adverse effects. The impacts are directly and indirectly linked to sugar beet biology and/or to the HR technology. Most likely are a) adverse herbicide effects on field organisms, aquatic communities and soil microbial communities, b) persistence of the GM plant triggered by a potential selective advantage and/or genetic drift after hybridisation of GMHR cultivated, feral and weed beet with neighbouring beets and wild relatives, c) the increase of HR in weeds and subsequent increase and/or change in the herbicide application regime after several years of glyphosate application, and d) decline in agrobiodiversity (weed communities, herbivores, pollinators and beneficial species). Our study reveals a lack of experimental data on potential agro-environmental effects. This suggests that the principle of a stepwise scale increase of release is inadequately applied to the GMHR sugar beet approval process. The adverse effects identified should prompt further research experiments to gain information for the ERA and/or specific monitoring activities at the respective identified spatial scale levels.","PeriodicalId":408956,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Landscape Research","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116088772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions 如何在问题导向的景观研究中取得成效——以生物入侵研究为例

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2008-2

C. Kueffer, G. H. Hadorn

{"title":"How to Achieve Effectiveness in Problem-Oriented Landscape Research: The Example of Research on Biotic Invasions","authors":"C. Kueffer, G. H. Hadorn","doi":"10.12942/LRLR-2008-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/LRLR-2008-2","url":null,"abstract":"It is increasingly expected from environmental research such as landscape research that science directly contributes to the solving of pressing societal problems. However, despite increased eorts to direct research towards societal problems, it is not obvious if science has become more eective in supporting environmental problem-solving. We present in this article a framework that facilitates the analysis and design of problem-orientation in research fields. We then apply the proposed framework to a concrete example of a problem-oriented landscape research field ‐ namely research on biotic invasions. Invasion research addresses the problem that some organisms, that have been introduced by humans to a new geographic area where they were previously not present, spread in the landscape and pose negative impacts. We argue that problem-oriented research is more than applied research. Besides research on specific questions it also encompasses boundary management, i.e., deliberations among experts and stakeholders on the framing of adequate research questions about processes, values and practices for eective problem-solving. We postulate that such research may assist problem-solving in three ways, by analysing causal relationships (systems knowledge), clarifying conflicts of interests and values (target knowledge), or contributing to the development of appropriate means for action (transformation knowledge). We show that over the past decades a broad range of dierent research approaches has emerged in the young field of invasion research in order to produce systems, target and transformation knowledge for invasive species management. Early research in the field was dominated by the development of systems knowledge, but increasingly the three knowledge forms are","PeriodicalId":408956,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Landscape Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130176236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 53

Landscape Structure, Landscape Metrics and Biodiversity 景观结构、景观计量与生物多样性

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2011-3

U. Walz

引用次数: 161

Multifunctionality of Agriculture:A Review of Definitions, Evidence and Instruments 农业多功能性:定义、证据和工具综述

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2007-3

G. Huylenbroeck, V. Vandermeulen, Evy Mettepenningen, A. Verspecht

引用次数: 345

Are We Meeting the Challenges of Landscape-Scale Riverine Research? A Review 我们正在迎接景观尺度河流研究的挑战吗?回顾

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2010-1

E. Steel, R. Hughes, A. Fullerton, S. Schmutz, John A. Young, M. Fukushima, S. Muhar, M. Poppe, B. E. Feist, Clemens Trautwein

{"title":"Are We Meeting the Challenges of Landscape-Scale Riverine Research? A Review","authors":"E. Steel, R. Hughes, A. Fullerton, S. Schmutz, John A. Young, M. Fukushima, S. Muhar, M. Poppe, B. E. Feist, Clemens Trautwein","doi":"10.12942/LRLR-2010-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/LRLR-2010-1","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying and quantifying relationships among landscape patterns, anthropogenic disturbances, and aquatic ecosystems is a new and rapidly developing approach to riverine ecology. In this review, we begin by describing the policy and management drivers for landscape-scale riverine research and we synthesize the technological advances that have enabled dramatic progress in the field. We then describe the development of landscape-scale riverine research through a series of landmark theoretical and review papers. Focusing on landscape-fish relationships, we consider the degree to which past efforts have been successful at meeting three challenges: (1) Has new research effectively incorporated the strengths of new technologies or are we doing the same old thing with more expensive data? (2) Have we incorporated key concepts from landscape ecology to improve our understanding of how landscapes affect rivers? (3) Have we been able to use landscape analyses to address management and policy needs? We conclude with a review of opportunities for advancement in the field of landscape-scale riverine research. These include moving toward the development of mechanistic theories of how landscapes affect rivers across disparate regions; considering the spatio-temporal structure of human impacts to landscapes; harnessing new statistical tools; and carefully defining landscape and response metrics to capture specific features.","PeriodicalId":408956,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Landscape Research","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122887823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

River Bank Erosion Induced Human Displacement and Its Consequences 河岸侵蚀导致人类流离失所及其后果

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2014-3

T. Das, Sushil Kr. Haldar, Ivy Das Gupta, Sayanti Sen

引用次数: 86

The Dimensions of Place Meanings 地点意义的维度

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2009-3

Maarja Saar, H. Palang

{"title":"The Dimensions of Place Meanings","authors":"Maarja Saar, H. Palang","doi":"10.12942/LRLR-2009-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/LRLR-2009-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to give an overview of how place meanings are created and how they influence people’s sense of belonging. It should be noted that the current literature has various shortcomings which mostly result from the lack of interdisciplinary research. The studies in place attachment usually focus on personal sense of belonging leaving aside those extending over various scales – such as, for instance, national identity. Also, place meanings and identity are primarily discussed as the very personal phenomena. On the contrary, place making and shaping is usually seen through more structural viewpoint by claiming that places mainly change in result of political or economic processes. Nowadays, there are even claims that due to the influx of globalization place no more matters and similar processes will happen everywhere. This notion does not take into account the special character of every place and the fact that outside forces come together in different ways in every place. Authors suggest that these different perspectives need to be united in order to fully grasp the character of place making and place meanings. In current articles, authors have adopted the multi-disciplinary approach and understood the place as uniting different processes starting from deeply personal meaning creation and ending with changes happening in global scale.","PeriodicalId":408956,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Landscape Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121077506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 55

Dynamic Landscape Modelling: The Quest for a Unifying Theory 动态景观建模:寻求统一理论

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2014-2

C. Gaucherel, F. Houllier, D. Auclair, T. Houet

{"title":"Dynamic Landscape Modelling: The Quest for a Unifying Theory","authors":"C. Gaucherel, F. Houllier, D. Auclair, T. Houet","doi":"10.12942/LRLR-2014-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/LRLR-2014-2","url":null,"abstract":"In the past 30 years, the notion of landscape has emerged in ecology as a result of both theoretical considerations and practical aspects of land use and land cover. This has generated a variety of numerical models addressing both methodological and thematic objectives. Scientists model landscapes for at least two reasons: to better understand the landscape dynamics themselves (called intrinsic needs) and to offer a realistic frame to support other ecological processes (extrinsic needs). This paper mainly concerns the intrinsic needs; it reviews and discusses the way the socioeconomic and/or ecological mechanisms of various landscapes have been explored through modelling approaches in the past. Our objective is to identify the possible lack of understanding in landscape dynamics and to propose a unified view of this complex object. We outline the links between the concepts of landscape and of models using a double-entry matrix, focusing on one hand on the four main terrestrial landscapes (agricultural, forested, arid and urban) and on the other hand on the main landscape model characteristics (explicit or neutral, patchy or continuous, and multi-or mono-scale). The patterns and processes of each of the four landscape types, in particular, are analysed within a coherent framework. The heterogeneity of this yet coherent analytical matrix implies the need for unifying concepts and formalisms. The complexity theory and related concepts such as self-organization or formal grammar applied to landscape mosaics could help to further develop the mathematical formalisms necessary to assemble the various inner landscape processes. The discipline can now offer a theoretical dimension to dynamic landscape modelling aiming at understanding the mechanism unity underlying this complex object.","PeriodicalId":408956,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Landscape Research","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132271301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Integrated Models of the Land System: A Review of Modelling Approaches on the Regional to Global Scale 土地系统综合模型:区域到全球尺度模拟方法综述

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2008-1

R. Schaldach, J. Priess

{"title":"Integrated Models of the Land System: A Review of Modelling Approaches on the Regional to Global Scale","authors":"R. Schaldach, J. Priess","doi":"10.12942/LRLR-2008-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12942/LRLR-2008-1","url":null,"abstract":"Land-use change has been identified as one the most important processes to understand and to model global change. It is the result of complex interactions between human and environmental driving factors. A key to capturing this complexity is the analytical framework of land systems as coupled human-environment systems, a concept that is a central component of the science plan of the Global Land Project. Based on this framework, this paper presents an overview of eight integrated models of the land system. The review concentrates on model approaches that include processes of both the human and the environment sub-system and which operate in a spatially explicit manner on a regional to global scale. Another criterion used to select models is that they take into account interplay and competition between dierent land-use activities, e.g. between agriculture and urban development. Each model is reviewed separately in detail with focus on the dierent aspects of the land system that are represented within the model and on the implemented modelling concepts. This is done by systematically addressing the following topics: model purpose and application, model concepts for the human sub-system and for the environment sub-system and linkages between the sub-systems (model integration). Based on these findings commonalities and dierences between the models are discussed and further research needs are identified.","PeriodicalId":408956,"journal":{"name":"Living Reviews in Landscape Research","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121321943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 93

Simulation Models on Human-Nature Interactions in Urban Landscapes: A Review Including Spatial Economics, System Dynamics, Cellular Automata and Agent-based Approaches 城市景观中人与自然相互作用的模拟模型:包括空间经济学、系统动力学、元胞自动机和基于agent的方法

Living Reviews in Landscape Research Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.12942/LRLR-2009-2

D. Haase, Nina Schwarz

引用次数: 81