Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences最新文献

{"title":"Antibacterial Effect of Raw Honey on Clinical Bacterial Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, And Escherichia coli","authors":"Aneke Chinwe Jacinta, Iloputaife Emmanuel Jaluchimike, Ewoh Anthonia Ngozi","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2023.v05i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2023.v05i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"The development of multiple drug resistant bacteria, causing human infection in clinical practice unfold the use of natural sources like honey, medicinal plants of non-antibiotic drugs, having antibacterial potentiality. Beside the medicinal plants, the antibacterial effects of raw honey on clinical bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were studied. The raw honey samples were collected from the beekeepers at Umugwu Ezedike in Udi Local Government Area Enugu State Nigeria. The honey samples were prepared by diluting the honey with distilled water to produce honey of various concentrations, i.e. 20% v/v, 40% v/v, 60% v/v, 80% v/v and 100% v/v. The clinical isolates from Accident and Emergency Department University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla Enugu were cultured in Nutrient agar, Cetrimide agar, Macconkey agar, and Methylene Blue agar (EMB) for identification and confirmation. The antibacterial effects of raw honey on the clinical bacterial isolates were evaluated in-vitro using agar well diffusion methods with Gentamicin as control. The results showed that raw honey demonstrated antibacterial effect against the test isolates with higher effect in Staphylococcus aureus (with zone of inhibition of 21mm) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19mm) and Escherichia coli (18mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract from this study ranges from 12.5-50mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranges from 25-50mg/ ml. Hence, raw honey has antibacterial properties and can also serve as a therapeutic substance for the treatment of bed sores, and other infections resulting from burns.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121860746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the Activities of Rural Households Participating in Village Alive Development Initiative (VADI) in Kwara State, Nigeria","authors":"P. P., D. E, Tijani, F. O., Alagbe, O. D., Banfe, T. A","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2023.v05i01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2023.v05i01.001","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined credit sources of rural households under the Village Alive Development Initiative (VADI) scheme in Kwara State. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. Data were collected on the various sources of credits available to rural households and how it affects their output. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency counts and chi-square. Respondents’ mean age was 56 years, average household size was 5 persons, and farming experience was 7 years. Majority (50.7%) was males and married (49.3%). About average (54.5%) had secondary education while majority (87.7%) accessed credit from VADI scheme. The most critical constraint to credit accessibility was institutional bureaucracy (MS = 2.85). Age (p = 0.014), sex (p = 0.013) and source of labour (p = 0.058) of the respondents significantly influenced their choice of credit sources. The study concluded that the output of rural households is directly dependent on the sources of credit. Farmer friendly sources of credit should be encouraged and made available to them. Improvement in credit bureaucracies and provision of incentives for prompt repayment behavior should be ensured.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125960439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and Toxicity Evaluation of Stem Bark Extract of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth","authors":"Said Ss, Dambazau Sm, Abdulla Ma","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i06.001","url":null,"abstract":"The study was to investigate antibacterial and toxicity evaluation of methanolic stem bark extracts of Kigelia africana (SBEKa). The antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined against one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp). Distilled water was used as negative control and ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control. The SBEKa showed remarkable activity against various bacterial strains as compared to positive control. S. aureus and Salmonella spp were proved as highly sensitive strains while E. coli and pseudomonas were the resistant strain as the extracts formed no inhibition zone against it. These studies determine the phytochemical constituents as well as acute toxicity and sub-chronic toxicity test on plant stem bark. The acute toxicity was evaluated in rats according to the guideline of Organization for Economic and Cultural Development (OECD). The level chosen is the one for which we can expect to see mortality among treated animals. The animals were daily observed for 28 days after treatment and no mortality was observed. The animals were sacrificed. The results showed that the LD50 by oral route in rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were found to contain alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Anthraquinones, and steroids were present in high amount while Glycosides in moderate amount. Tannins, Cardiac glycosides and Balsams were present in trace amount, while volatile oils were totally absent. At lower concentration SBEKa exhibited antimicrobial and these may justify the medicinal uses of the plants for treatment of microbial infections.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115474060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Situ Transesterification of Biodiesel Synthesized from Ampelocissus Africana Seed Oil Using (MgO/Al2O3) Catalyst","authors":"A. Zubairu, M. Mukhtar, I. Saidu, I. A. Khalil, I. Garba","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i05.002","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel is an unconventional fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters also achieved essentially from the base catalyzed transesterification reaction of oils or fats. It is utilized clean haven’t require single alteration in the diesel engine and also biodiesel does not contain in consequential amount of sulphur. Consequently, biodiesel is presently the preeminent alternate for petro diesel. Biodiesel was synthesized using one step trasesterification reaction using magnesium oxide over aluminum oxide (MgO/Al2O3) at different ratio 5%, 10% and 15%. Moreoverthe biodiesel were analyzed using 6890N network GC/MS and physicochemical analysis cared out are compared according to international standardvia American Society of Testing Material (ASTMD-6751) the results obtain were: Acid value (0.1, 0.1, 0.2mgKOH/g), Density(0.64, 0.82, 0.71g/cm3) Iodine value (0.70, 0.52, 0.70mgI2/100g), Saponification value (0.10, 0.28, 0.63mgKOH/g), and Water & Sediment level (0.002, 0.002, 0.002) for sample A, B, and C, more ever the percentage yield obtained were (51%, 50%, 50.5%) for A, B, and C.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116909797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Population Dynamics of the Leafminer, Tuta Absoluta, Pests of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in the Municipality of Ouallam in Niger","authors":"M. A., Housseina A, Haougi A","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i05.001","url":null,"abstract":"In Niger, since 2012 a new pest Tuta absoluta has appeared on tomato. Tuta absoluta is subservient not only to tomato but also to other solanaceae (potatoes, peppers etc.). All these crops can be attacked by this pest and production losses can reach 100% of the harvest, if none protective measure is taken. The objective assigned to this study is to improve tomato production in Niger through the integrated management of the tomato miner Tuta absoluta. To do this, the study focused on monitoring the dynamics of the Tuta absoluta population during the wintering period using pheromone traps and also an interview guide addressed to producers. The results showed the effective presence of the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) on the two sites monitored throughout the rainy season. The results showed that more than half of the tomato plots were attacked by Tuta absoluta and showed attack symptoms. However, the attacked plants regenerated with new organs (leaves and stems) hence the extension of tomato cultivation in Tolkoboye with the use of pheromone traps. The study of the population dynamics of Tuta absoluta shows that the average captures per week oscillate between 53.6 and 1.72 individuals during the capture period on the observation sites while the peak on the control site oscillates between 70.8 and 52 individuals. It therefore emerges from the observations that the catches of butterflies this year are lower than those of last year.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129316873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of Cyber Extension in Fish Farming Information Dissemination in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State","authors":"A. A.","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i04.002","url":null,"abstract":"The dissemination of information on improved fish farming techniques through the use of cyber extension is ineffective due to the inability of the farmer to comprehend information passed across to them which is reflected on the continuous reduction in fish farming, hence the reason why it seems like there is no positive effect of the information disseminated to fish farmers on their productivity. The study was carried out to examine the role of cyber extension in fish farming information dissemination in Egbedore local government area of Osun state. Multistage sampling was used in selecting eighty (80) respondents for this study. Data was collected with the aid of questionnaire randomly drawn from the local government area. Descriptive analysis performed shows that 18.7% of the respondents were between 50-59 years of age with the mean age of 36 years and 55% of the respondents were male. Most (80%) of the respondents were married. Also, 48.7% were Christian while 50% of the respondents spent 13years above in school. Similarly, 68.8% of the respondents have household size of 5 members, fish farming experience less than 5 years (37.5%). Members of social organization (56.3%), annual income between #300,000 to #499,000 (51.3%) contact with extension agents (46.2%) Similarly, 21.3% obtain their capital from cooperative society while 81.3% of the respondents preferred both family and hired labor as source of labor. Further descriptive analysis shows all sampled respondents (100%) have access to smart phones that 72.5% of the respondent’s always use smart phones, 27.5% of the respondents occasionally uses Smartphone in sourcing for fish farming information. Less than fifty percent (43.7%) have access to computer while 16.2% of the respondents uses computer always in sourcing for fish farming information and more than half of the respondents (68.8%) have access to laptop while 12.5% of the respondents use laptop always in sourcing for fish farming information and thirty¬-five percent of the respondents have access to tablet/ipad while 10% of the respondents use tablet/ipad always in sourcing for fish farming information. The types of fish farming information sourced via cyber extension includes pond construction, fish feed formulation, pest and disease control, poaching , quality fingerlings, marketing of fish and fish landing. A larger proportion of the respondents (85%) encountered some constraints in sourcing for fish farming information through the use of cyber extension, that 82.5% of the respondent indicated of erratic power supply as the constraint encountered in the study area while 81.3% of the respondents indicated poor network and 73.8% of the respondents indicated high cost of data. Similarly, 65% of the respondents’ encountered problem of poor service from the service providers while 75% of the respondents indicated technical know-how as the constraint encountered and 60% of the respondents encountered problem of financial capacity. Also, 5","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115813036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yield Response and Barley Grain Quality to Nitrogen Fertilization in West Arsi Highland of Ethiopia","authors":"K. Jemal","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i04.001","url":null,"abstract":"The malting industry in Ethiopia is often challenged by the availability of barley that meets the quality and quantity requirements set by the industry. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of mineral nitrogen fertilizer rates on Actual yield and quality response of malt barley varieties and, to determine economic optimum rates of nitrogen fertilizer for the productivity of the crop arranged in randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments are three malt barley varieties, namely Traveler, Ibon and Local and four levels of N (0 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha, 100 kg N/ha and 150 kg N/ha. The study revealed that nitrogen fertilization with 150 kg ha-1nitrogen fertilizer rate improved barley yield and quality than the rest nitrogen fertilizer rates. The different barley varieties and nitrogen fertilizer has shown a highly significant (p<0.01) influence on barley yield production. On the other hand, interaction effect of barley varieties and nitrogen fertilizer didn’t show significant variation barley yield production. Moreover, the analysis of variance also revealed that barley varieties have shown a highly significant (p<0.01) influence on barley yield production. The maximum and minimum interaction mean values of actual grain yield were observed from traveler barley variety treated with 150 kg ha-1nitrogen fertilizer rate (2078.10 kg/ha) and Ibon barley variety treated with 0 kg ha-1nitrogen fertilizer rate (1136.30 kg/ha), respectively. In the present investigation, quality parameters increased with an increase in N rates, application of 150 kg N ha-1 gave the highest quality parameters studied except sieve test. While, the quality parameters was less pronounced with the tested varieties and their interaction effect. The partial budget analysis revealed maximum net benefit of (Birr 39147 ha-1) with an acceptable marginal rate of returns (MRR) of 1007.33% with the treatment traveler variety with combination of 150 kg N ha-1. However, the lowest net benefit of (Birr 22726.00 ha-1) was recorded from Ibon barley variety treated with 0 kg ha-1nitrogen fertilizer rate. Both grain yield and protein content increased with increased N rates application of 150kg N ha-1 gave the highest net benefit and marginal rate of return with acceptable grain quality (protein content < 9-12%). Therefore, production of traveler variety with a combination of 150 kg N ha-1 was economical, and uncertainly recommended for production of malt barley in the study area.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"50 198","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120989438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Synodontis schall Gills Rhodanese","authors":"E. Wodu, A. Frank-Oputu","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i03.001","url":null,"abstract":"The cyanide detoxifying enzyme, rhodanese was extracted from Synodontis schall gills and some physicochemical properties investigated. Activity of the enzyme preparation was assayed by measuring the activity of rhodanese in RU min-1 mg-1. The results revealed that Synodontis schall gills rhodanese had km values for KCN and Na2S2O3 as 22.73±4.12 and 16.67±5.31 respectively. The enzyme had higher affinity for Na2S2O3. Only ammonium sulphate displayed possible sulfur donating property but was less effective than thiosulphate. Synodontis schall gills rhodanese displayed maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 35֠ºC. Synodontis schall gills rhodanese was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by PbCl2, BaCl2 and HgCl2 in a concentration dependent manner. Gills rhodanese of Synodontis schall was similar in properties to rhodanese extracted from other sources.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"158 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128845856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Intercropping some Aromatic and Medicinal Plants with Fruit Vegetables Crops, a Review","authors":"Wondimkun Dikr","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i02.002","url":null,"abstract":"Crop diversification, need to maintain current levels of cropped area for food and other uses have made use of intercropping important. The trap nature of medicinal aromatic plants and has a great role for vegetable crops important for protecting damage of fruits from insect pest attack, extend the shelf life of it, maintain the quality during transportation to market like African marigold. Intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with different horticultural plants has a great role reducing the post-harvest yield loss, maintain the quality of fruits and increase its shelf life in storage. The aromatic nature and essential oil of MAPs enables to protect soil borne nematodes; they also protect these nematodes diseases by suppressing its adventus root system. The presence of other crops in intercropping the volatile oil is reduced because of shade. However, shading of the component crops has a negative effect on essential growth, biomass yield, oil content, composition and quality oil of MAPs. Medicinal aromatic plants are also significantly increase soil organic nitrogen, soil water content, decreased pH values and available nitrogen content. Intercropping of MAPs with other crops offers congenial conditions which it results the improvement in resource use efficiency in terms of productivity and net return per unit area.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117115903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Critical Weed Competition Period in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Production at Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Ano Wariyo Negaso, Desta Abayechaw, Negasu Guteta Bayisa","doi":"10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2022.v04i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out at Wondo Genet to determine the critical weed competition period for growth, yield, and yield components of the chamomile plant. The weed competition duration had a significant influence on plant height, the number of primary branches/plants, fresh stem yield/plant, fresh leaves yield/plant, fresh and dry flower/plant, fresh and dry flower yield/ha, essential oil content (v/w) and yield kg/ha. The highest fresh and dried flower yield (3780.10 kg/ha) and (798.32 kg/ha) was recorded from weed-free check followed by weed-free for 60 DACE (Days After Crop Emergence) (3652.10 kg/ha) and (789.43 kg/ha), respectively. The maximum essential oil content and yield were recorded from the weed-free check (0.79v/w) and (6.25 kg/ha) whereas the minimum was in the weedy-check (0.10 v/w) and (0.15kg/ha), respectively. The yield losses of chamomile were estimated based on the fresh and dry flower and essential oil yield per hectare. Thus, the highest fresh and dry flower yield losses were recorded from the weedy-check (83.58%) and (81.05%) while the lowest was from weed-free check (0.00%), respectively. The highest essential oil yield loss was also recorded from the weedy for 60DACE (97.92%) followed by weedy-check (97.60%). To determine the beginning and the end of the critical period of crop-weed competition 5 and 0% acceptable yield loss levels were used. Therefore, to reduce the yield losses of chamomile by more than 10% and higher economic return, plants must be kept weed-free within 40 to 60DACE to reduce the risk of economic yield losses as it is the critical period of weed-crop competition in chamomile plants.","PeriodicalId":407328,"journal":{"name":"Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122116540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}