Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine最新文献

{"title":"ON THE MANUFACTURE TECHNIQUE OF PSEUDO-TWISTED WISPS OF THE PECTORAL FROM THE TOVSTA MOHYLA BARROW","authors":"L. Babenko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"The pectoral from the Tovsta Mohyla is an astonishing artifact which gathered different technical ways of Hellenic jewelry art. During this jewelry, which is composed of more than 160 details, a few dozens of different technical operations had been used. Till that time the less understood thing is a complex of ways that have been used by a craftsman during manufacturing of four pseudo-twisted hollow wisps, that framed figured pectoral friezes. None of the proposed reconstructions doesn’t give clear understanding on the most important elements of the technologic process of manufacture of the wisps, namely — technical operations used by an artisan for obtaining the verisimilar relief of a twisted wisp on hollow tubes. \u0000A definite clue for resolving this question can be given by construction of the torque from the Kul-Oba burial, a wisp of which consisted of a bronze twisted stem covered with a gold plate. Such construction could generate the idea of the manufacturing of hollow relief wisps with twisting imitation. To obtain them the craftsman twisted a wisp matrix from seven bronze wires. On that wisp a heat sealed tube rolled of thin gold sheet was placed. By the means of the basma technique — by pressure of wooden, bony or metal tools on a gold sheet, a twisted relief was squeezed at the tube. Then the tube was unscrewed from the matrix by turning around its radial axis towards a thinner tip of the matrix. \u0000The torque from the Solokha burial mount also has similar wisp construction. It stands for the fact of using identical technology during their manufacturing and of possible manufacturing of the pectoral and the torque by goldsmiths of the same workshop, or even by the same artisan.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115004410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE EMERGENCE OF LARGE SCYTHIAN SETTLEMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE ROUTES","authors":"N. I. Minaeva","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.14","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the impact of changes in the natural environment on historical processes that took place in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine in the XI—V centuries BC. It is determined that one of the main reasons for the emergence of large Scythian settlements was a natural factor. Changes in climatic conditions in the steppe zone led to the almost complete outflow of population from its territory in the XI—V centuries BC. The establishment of a more favorable climate in the south of Ukraine, which began in the VII century BC, led to an increase in the population in the forest-steppe zone and the emergence of large Scythian settlements on its territory. \u0000The article also considers the question of the emergence and functioning of the main trade routes that existed in the Northern Black Sea region at that time. South Bug, Dnieper and Don rivers were used as trade routes beginning ХV century BC. The Scythian penetration to forest-steppe zone and the construction of big sites of settlements started before the start opening the north coastal Black Sea territory by Greek colonists. The Scythians appeared in the forest-steppe zone in the first half to mid- VII century, and the Greek opening of the coastal areas starts at the end of VII century BC. That time the South Bug, Dnieper and Don rivers became waterways connecting North Black sea area with central East Europe and Baltic countries. It were the estuaries of these rivers where appeared the biggest early Greek settlements: Berezan at the Bug and Dnieper estuary’s conjunction and Taganrog at the Don estuary. In the VII—V centuries South Bug was the main trade route. This point is supported by the fact that the Olvia state capital-Olvia city was established on the right bank of the Bug estuary. \u0000The Greek centers exported to these areas, possibly ceramics, vine, olive oil, jewelry etc. These are the ceramic residuals which make it possible to determine the big Scythian settlements lifetime. Greek traders as reported ancient authors imported from forest-steppe areas, where these settlements were established, cattle, slaves, copper, furs, wax, salted fish, amber etc. The climate improvement at the North Black Sea area started opening of these unsettled steppe areas. This process resulted in gradual decadence of big Scythian settlements. The Grate Scythian center moves to the lower reach of Dneaper river, which followed by main trade route transfer to that exact river. So the natural factor seriously influenced the South Black Sea areas historical processes in the VII—V centuries BC.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125127134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF SCYTHIAN SITES AT DNIPRО NADPORIZHZHYA AREA (THE BURIAL GROUND NEAR THE 3rd QUARRY OF DNIPROBUD)","authors":"O. Mogylov","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.18","url":null,"abstract":"During the period between First and Second World Wars a large-scale archaeological research was carried out in connection with the construction of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (the DniproHES). Large number of ancient sites felt into the area of flooding and destruction. In order to study them the Dniprobud expedition was organized which carried out significant excavations in 1927—1932 under the head of D. I. Yavornytskyi. \u0000Among the excavated sites there was also the necropolis located on the eastern side of the 3rd quarry of the Dniprobud, on the right bank of the modern Zaporizhzhya city, on a high rocky slope of the Old Dnieper. The works took place in September — early October 1931 headed by the Dniprobud expedition member P. I. Smolichev. At the time of the excavation most of the necropolis included more than a dozen stone pavements had been destroyed. Only two burials survived under single-layer stone pavements with a diameter of 5.6—8 m. A menhir-like stone was recorded near grave 1. Single burials of the necropolis were made in catacombs with stone chambers’ barriers. Supposedly a child and a warrior were buried. Child’s burial was without grave goods. The man was accompanied by the arrowheads and pot. \u0000The necropolis near the 3rd quarry of Dniprobud is a part of the whole system of Scythian necropolises with moundless burials on the Lower Dnieper. The area of such necropolises coincides with the Scythian settlement network. Settlements are often located near such necropolises which gives grounds to connect these burials with the population of such settlements. The topography of the necropolis on the slope above the Dnieper is typical for burial mounds in the Dnieper area. Burials made of stone are also typical for this region. This tradition dates back to the Bronze Age and is also known during the pre-Scythian period. The graves near the 3rd quarry of Dniprobud can be dated to the 4th century BC based on the types of burial structures and grave goods. Moreover, they can be considered to belong to the local ordinary nomadic Scythian population which began to change their way of life to the settled one. However, it preserved typical traditions of nomads’ funeral rites. In addition, the implementation of burials under stone pavements may indicate that the new ethnic substrate of the region, formed in Scythian Age, may have included some part of the aboriginal population that lived here since the Bronze Age and pre-Scythian times.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122810084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE GREAT SILK ROAD WHICH DID NOT EXIST","authors":"A. M. Khazanov","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.13","url":null,"abstract":"Interregional long-distance trade in silk certainly existed in ancient and medieval times, but the transcontinental and regular «Great Silk Road», whether overland or even maritime, is a myth, a phantom. Its existence is not confirmed either by written sources or by archaeological data. A concept of the Silk Road implies at least know­ledge of macro-routes and their final destination, as well as transcontinental connectivity. The latter, if it existed in antiquity and medieval times at all, was much more occasional than regular and intentional. As a rule, such trade involved many middlemen. The «Silk Road» and the trade in silk, even a trans-regional one, are quite different notions. The transcontinental overland trade existed in but a few short-lived historical periods; it was neither confined to silk nor was it even a road. The «silk roads» were only one of many long-distance continental and transcontinental trading itineraries that existed in the Old World in premodern times. It is also important to remember that transcontinental trade was limited only to high-value, low-volume goods. The exotic appeal of long-distance trade in luxuries combined with a striving for political correctness often results in distorted and exaggerated opinions on premodern commerce in general. Not only silk and other luxury and prestige goods, but also people, religions, languages, scientific knowledge, inventions, innovations, new technologies, know-how, chemicals, minerals, metals, plants, medicine, cultural transmissions and artistic styles and fashions, cuisine, and musical instruments moved along its numerous itineraries, but on the negative side, epidemic diseases and epizootics were also disseminated across Eurasia along with them. Finally, it is worth stressing again that the long-distance Eurasian trade not only directly or indirectly stimulated movements of people and created ethnic diasporas. Frequently it was just members of these diasporas who brought new knowledge and technological knowhow and contributed to their practical applications in the new milieus. That was the main achievement of Eurasian trade, with no continuity between the trade in silk in the ancient and medieval times.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122877012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON THE ISSUE OF NORMATIVE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FORENSIC EXPERT INVESTIGATION OF MOVABLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS (ARTEFACTS)","authors":"K. Sylenok","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.16","url":null,"abstract":"Over the centuries, archaeological heritage of Ukraine has been developing under the influence of many factors. Research on such antiquities is a significant task of science for a detailed study of our history, deeper understanding of all stages of the formation, development and promotion of modern culture. Issues arising while protecting archaeological sites are relevant not only for Ukraine but also for many countries of the world. Preservation of history is the important task of every civilised country. Each monument is the source of information, and artefacts of a certain period in their totality represent a holistic cultural layer of history of people who lived in Ukraine no matter whether they were our ancestors or not. \u0000The paper outlines the issues of legal regulation of the research of movable archaeological objects (artefacts). Attention is drawn to the legislation on protection and preservation of archaeological and cultural heritage, procedure of cultural properties circulation in Ukraine. The main focus is on enshrining the concept of movable archaeological objects in legislation of Ukraine and some foreign countries. The issue of elaboration of this topic in the legislation and in forensic science is also addressed. \u0000Movable archaeological objects are exchanged and traded, such as Palaeolithic art, Bronze Age ornaments, stone axes, etc. Since they can be subject of crimes, and accordingly, can be investigated in forensic institutions, it is required to create a methodology for investigation of movable archaeological objects (artefacts) and conduct systematic research activities for the needs of forensic experts to ensure efficient provision of justice in Ukraine. It is also emphasised that while forensic examination of movable archaeological objects it is vital to establish their authenticity or non-authenticity.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123254033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A FADING TRADITION: ON ONE GROUP OF EARLY SCYTHIAN POLE-TOPS","authors":"O. Frunt","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"Since the beginning of the 20th century, researchers have paid attention to a series of the Scythian pole-tops with flat images of birds. These findings are one of the indicators of the assemblages of the second—third quarter of the 6th century BC. At the moment, there are 4 sites in Central and Eastern Europe with finds of pole-tops from this series. These are Ulskii, barrow 2 (1909) and barrow 10 (1982) in the Kuban region, Răscăieţii Noi, barrow 1 in the Lower Dniester region and Zashchita, barrow 1 in the Dnieper Forest-Steppe. Pole-tops with a flat reduced image of bird heads are found in the Kuban sites, which can be considered as ritual places or shrines. Zashchita, barrow 1 can probably also be considered as a ritual place. There were no burial pits in such mounds. Under the burial mounds there were wooden structures with tent-shaped roofs or wooden canopy, but there were no human burials. Excavations of recent decades have revealed that a pair of pole-tops were part of a wooden altar and were located at the entrance to the ritual place. Probably, such pole-tops, like other sacred objects and details of the horse bridle, were ordered in one of the workshops in the Transcaucasus, where the art was formed under the influence of Lydian tradition of jewelry and toreutics. This can explain the fact that the finds differ from the early group of the pole-tops with rattles and three-dimensional figures of animals. The finds from Ulskii, barrow 2 (1909) and barrow 10 (1982) dated based on a horse bridle to the middle of the 6th century BC. The artifacts from Zashchita, barrow 1 and Răscăieţii Noi barrow appear to be replicas. They can be dated to the second half of the 6th century BC. Thus, the series of tops with flat reduced images of birds of prey was formed in the Kuban region and, apparently, as a result of the contacts of local elites with the Transcaucasus and the influence of Lydian jewelry art and toreutics. The archaeological context of the finds proves their use outside the funeral rite but at the same time expresses a connection with the idea of sacrifice and sacralization of space. These objects mark the final stage of their use in the ritual of the Early Scythian Age. From the last quarter of the 6th century BC pole-tops as a cultural phenomenon also disappeared in the 5th century BC. Future research will have to show why the tradition of using these ritual attributes faded out and was “reinstated’ in the 4th century BC. In conclusion, it should be noted that the results allow us to make changes in the classification of the pole-tops.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123438829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEW RESEARCH OF FORTIFICATION OF THE BASIVKA HILL-FORT","authors":"A. Korzh","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"Defensive structures are the integral part of any fortified settlement. Their study requires significant labor costs, so usually the earthen constructions haven’t received enough attention from the predecessors. \u0000Basivka hill-fort is definitely the key settlement of the Scythian Age in the Sula River basin. Its total area is approximately 170 ha. The central, residential part is located on three well-fortified capes. Not all fortification areas were created simultaneously but had developed dynamically in time and space. Successful usage of natural topographic features at this settlement is combined with the basics of defense tactics. \u0000Modern agricultural activity and dwelling construction led to significant damage,and in some places to the destruction of earthen structures of Basivka hill-fort. This is especially true of the Great Outer Rampart which is well-preserved only in the eastern part. \u0000The complexity of the modern terrain and the significant forest cover were the determining factors that hindered the preparation of the most accurate topographic plan of this site. The paper presents a new plan of central fortifications but it also needs to be revised which is a matter of the future. \u0000A separate issue of the work is devoted to the placement of ancient entrances, which, like the fortification in general, could change over time and move from the main to the role of secondary ones. \u0000The paper highlights the results of excavations of the Great Basivka Rampart which were conducted in 2020—2021. It is ascertained that the defensive structures cover the cultural layer of the settlement. In general, valuable information was obtained regarding the development of fortifications in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left-Bank area in the Scythian Age.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122240251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ANCIENT COIN FROM TARASOVA HORA SETTLEMENT NEAR ZHABOTIN","authors":"Y. Lyashko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.08","url":null,"abstract":"Тhe paper is devoted to the first find of ancient coin on the territory of the Tarasova Hora settlement near Zhabotin village of the Cherkasy district. It is the coin of Olbia city — the obol «borisphen». It was minted in 300—280 BC. Such coin was already found in a complex of things from the Early Iron Age of the 5th—4th centuries BC. That is the evidence of existence here of some sight of this period. The Finding of such coins proves the presence of cultural and trade-economic relations of the local indigenous population with the ci­ties of North-Western Pontic region and Olbia in particular. \u0000On the reverse of the coin the inscription of OLBIO is visible as well as the images of gorytos and axe. On Avers you can disassemble the fuzzy image of the hair curl. The coin is rectangulare, with dimensions of 1.8 × 1.4 cm. Mass 2.36 gr. The surface is covered with green oxide and has traces of scales from staying in the fire. Thus, since the coin has no difference it can be dated to the 300—280 BC. \u0000Such coins are not rare, and their findings are known in the large territory from the Crimea to the Middle Dnieper. Also two similar coins were accidentally found in this region on the banks of Tyasmin River near the Raygorod village of Cherkasy district. These are the bronze coins minted by Olbia in 300—280 BC, however, according to numismatics opinion, were in circulation until 230 BC, during the first half of the 3rd century BC. These coins, called by the researchers «Borisphens», depicting on the avers of the bearded Scythian deity of the Dnieper River (Borisphenes), were the only bronze coins produced in the Northern Pontic region and have got a wide spread outside Olbia, practically impossible for coins of non-cost metals.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130449808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOCIAL STRATIFICATION OF FOREST-STEPPE POPULATION OF THE LEFT-BANK OF THE DNIEPERLAND DURING THE CLASSICAL SCYTHIA (the 2nd half of 6th—4th/3rd century BC). PART 2: INTERPRETATION","authors":"M. Burghardt","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents some remarks concerning social stratification of the inhabitants of the forest-steppe areas of the left-bank Dnieperland between the 2nd half of the 6th and 4th/3rd century BC. The main aim of the article was to propose a new interpretation of the status of deceased buried in various grave complexes of this cultural phenomenon. The process of identifying groups occupying different positions in hierarchy was multi-level. One of the first things considered in the analysis was the context of graves of individuals belonging to subsequent clusters. The next stage of the study involved an attempt to recognize social classes and groups known from written sources and / or described for other societies of similar (Scythian) cultural model among previously distinguished clusters of grave complexes. It was established that the highest place in social hierarchy of the analysed communities was occupied by the individuals of the higher classes. This social class was not homogeneous; thus, we could divide it into at least few smaller subgroups. The richest and the most elaborate graves belong to local leaders of groups of various sizes (e. g. individual tribes or their federations) of diverse statuses. Slightly lower position was attributed to the forest-steppe aristocracy of the middle rank. This social stratum included of members of the (ancestral and / or tribal) aristocracy, leaders of small groups (clans) of the forest-steppe elites of the lowest rank, as well as the so-called «elite troopers». At the bottom of the social hierarchy of the forest-steppe elites was aristocracy of the lowest rank — the most diverse group belonging to the higher classes. It seems that leaders of smaller groups utilizing specific cemeteries / kurgan groups might have had similar social status. Yet, formally speaking, the latter social stratum most likely already belonged to the middle classes. The so-called «ordinary people», or simply common folk, constituted the majority of the analysed communities. This large social class could be divided into two main groups — wealthy individuals of slightly higher social status among the middle class, and the remaining «ordinary people». The lowest place in the presented hierarchy of nominally free members of the studied populations was taken by not so numerous representatives of «the poor». The list of social classes and groups distinguished within the analyzed society is completed by people with more or less limited rights, who were socially dependent on the members of higher classes (servants or enslaved domestic workers). The interpretation of the system of social stratification presented in the study was supplemented by the analysis of differences in the number of grave complexes assigned to a specific place in hierarchy. The obtained results raise the question of the level of representativeness of the social structure of the populations of the forest-steppe areas of the left-bank Dnieperland described in the study.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122872344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PRELIMINARY INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOUNDRY OF THE RESIDENTS OF SHYRIAEVE HILLFORT","authors":"D. Karavaiko","doi":"10.37445/adiu.2022.01.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.12","url":null,"abstract":"The Shyriaeve hillfort has been permanently explored for 5 years. Сonsidering the excavations of the late 1940s and 1950s, the total excavation area reaches 556 m2. The period of existence of the fortified settlement covers the late 6th—4th centuries BC. As a result of recent work, three chronological horizons have been distinguished. The spectacular material is obtained which allows us to get closer to the characteristics of different aspects of life of ancient inhabitants. \u0000One of the least studied cases is the degree of development of the bronze foundry. The information available today allows us to describe this craft in general terms and draw preliminary conclusions. \u0000Copper and (or) bronze were imported goods. Finds of the fragments of amphorae, glass beads and cowrie shells should be included in the category of other imported items. Exchange links with the neighbors have been established but the extent of their intensity remains unclear. \u0000The consequence of activities of local craftsmen are the findings of clay tapholes and crucibles. Other tools, including chisels, are made of iron. There is no complete certainty about its use by artisans — foundries, because such things were multifunctional. \u0000Other finds include the bronze or copper bars which were commodity ingots, in the primary raw material for smelting various products. Craftsmen also used colored scrap metal in the form of various plates and fragments of objects. \u0000Indisputable evidence of local production is its remnants in the form of splashes. The conducted analyzes with care allow to assume smelting of copper from ore directly within the settlement. \u0000The ways of getting copper ore (bronze) and a number of other things to the Shyriaeve hillfort have not been clarified yet. It is possible to assume that the main importer was the hillfort of Basivka — the central point of the Sula river basin. To date there is little material for a full analysis of the foundry of the residents of the Shyriaeve hillfort. Its study has just begun.","PeriodicalId":406948,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134240961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}