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Elasticidad de la demanda por medicamentos en el mercado farmacéutico privado en Colombia 哥伦比亚私营药品市场对药品需求的弹性
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2013-06-30 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.7
J. Velásquez, Karoll Gómez Portilla, E. Vélez, J. Herrera, Andrés Ramírez Hassan
{"title":"Elasticidad de la demanda por medicamentos en el mercado farmacéutico privado en Colombia","authors":"J. Velásquez, Karoll Gómez Portilla, E. Vélez, J. Herrera, Andrés Ramírez Hassan","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.7","url":null,"abstract":"Based on a dynamic specification of the AIDS model arisen from cointegration techniques, this research estimated the elasticity of the intra-molecular, brand and generic demand for three tracer conditions: essential hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia both in the non-profit and private Colombian market. The estimate of the intra-molecular demand elasticity allows us to conclude that both brand-name and generic drugs are inelastic to price changes, they are luxury goods according to expenditure elasticity and intra-molecular replacement seems to exist due to the elasticity of substitution.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"17 1","pages":"147-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Diferenciación oligopólica del café verde colombiano en el mercado estadounidense 哥伦比亚绿咖啡在美国市场的寡头分化
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2013-06-30 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.5
Andrés Cardona
{"title":"Diferenciación oligopólica del café verde colombiano en el mercado estadounidense","authors":"Andrés Cardona","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.5","url":null,"abstract":"La literatura de la nueva organizacion industrial empirica (NEIO, por sus siglas en ingles) senala que la competencia internacional imperfecta entre productos basicos puede ser caracterizada por precios, cantidades, y por diferenciacion del producto. Este trabajo muestra que la efectividad de la estrategia de diferenciacion del cafe verde colombiano en el mercado estadounidense ha implicado que Colombia tenga una competencia en cantidades con su principal competidor, Brasil. Para esto se presenta un conjunto de modelos que permiten identificar la estructura de la competencia que han seguido Brasil y Colombia en el mercado estadounidense de importaciones de cafe verde. Los modelos son evaluados usando una prueba de razon de verosimilitud para determinar cual de ellos interpreta mejor los datos. El modelo que mejor lo hace es el de Stackelberg, con liderazgo en cantidades de Brasil. ***** New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) literature notes that imperfect foreign competition among commodities may be characterized by prices, quantities and product differentiation. This paper shows that the effectiveness of the differentiation strategy of Colombian green bean coffee in the US market has caused Colombia to compete in terms of quantities with its major opponent, Brazil. In order to show it, this paper brings a set of models which allow us to identify the competitive structure followed by Brazil and Colombia in the United States market of green bean coffee imports. These models are evaluated through a likelihood ratio test to determine which of them best explains the data. Stackelberg is the best model showing Brazil's leadership in terms of quantities.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"77 1","pages":"99-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Quiebras y préstamos en Puerto Rico: Una mirada exploratoria a su relación 波多黎各的破产和贷款:对它们关系的探索
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2013-06-30 DOI: 10.17230/ecos.2013.36.6
M. Álvarez
{"title":"Quiebras y préstamos en Puerto Rico: Una mirada exploratoria a su relación","authors":"M. Álvarez","doi":"10.17230/ecos.2013.36.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ecos.2013.36.6","url":null,"abstract":"Puerto Rico vive un periodo de contraccion economica desde el ano 2006, iniciando asi un poco antes de la contraccion economica mundial. Este estudio examina el comportamiento de los prestamos otorgados por la banca comercial y la relacion de los mismos con el numero de quiebras radicadas en Puerto Rico durante el periodo 1999-2011. Los resultados encontrados destacan que, a partir de 2006, hay una disminucion consistente tanto en el numero de prestamos aprobados —personales, comerciales e hipotecarios— por parte de la banca comercial, como en el monto de estos. A su vez, se observa un aumento en la radicacion de quiebras. El numero de prestamos aprobados por los bancos en Puerto Rico demuestran estar fuertemente correlacionados con el indice de actividad economica (IAE) y a los indicadores economicos que miden de alguna manera la situacion del empleo en la isla (empleo total, tasa de participacion laboral y tasa de desempleo). ***** Puerto Rico has been going through a period of economic downturn since 2006, beginning a little before the global economic recession. This paper examines the behavior of loans granted by the commercial banking sector and their relationship with the number of business bankruptcies filed in Puerto Rico between 1999 and 2011. Findings draw attention to the fact that from 2006, there has been a steady decline in the number of personal, commercial and mortgage loans approved by the commercial banking sector, as well as in their value. An increase in the filing of bankruptcy is also observed. The number of loans approved by banks in Puerto Rico show a strong correlation with the economic activity index (EAI) and other economic indicators that help to explain the island's employment situation (total employment, labor force participation rate and unemployment rate).","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"17 1","pages":"127-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sistema Individual de Pensiones versus sistema colectivo de pensiones en Perú 秘鲁的个人养老金制度与集体养老金制度
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2013-06-30 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.1
Jorge Guillén, Rubén Mosqueda
{"title":"Sistema Individual de Pensiones versus sistema colectivo de pensiones en Perú","authors":"Jorge Guillén, Rubén Mosqueda","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.1","url":null,"abstract":"The following paper analyses the sustainability of the Peruvian “Pay as You Go System” which is provided by the Government. In Peru, the “Pay as you Go System” coexists with Private Pension Funds or “Fully Funded Pension”. Sometimes both systems compete with each other with advantages and disadvantages between them. We found that “Pay as You Go System” cannot be sustainable over a long period of time. In addition, based on a comparative analysis of advantages and disadvantages, we propose some recommendations to make Private Pension Funds (Fully Funded Pension) the best alternative to Pay as You Go System.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"17 1","pages":"5-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Fluctuaciones económicas en una economía pequeña con dos sectores productivos bajo régimen de cambio flotante 在浮动汇率制度下有两个生产部门的小型经济体的经济波动
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2013-06-30 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.2
J. Mora
{"title":"Fluctuaciones económicas en una economía pequeña con dos sectores productivos bajo régimen de cambio flotante","authors":"J. Mora","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2013.36.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a theoretical model of aggregate supply and demand in a small economy with two productive sectors, under a flexible exchange regime and imperfect capital mobility. Only one of the production sectors is assumed to produce an exportable commodity sold at world market prices, while the production of the other sector is assumed to supply the domestic market. This model helps to explain how the impact of both domestic (economic policy, productivity, etc.) and foreign (changes in exchange terms) shocks is spread. In every case studied, results show that real output increases consistently with those cases postulated by economic theory. Conversely, the effects on the price level, the exchange rate and the real interest rate are ambiguous. In terms of domestic shocks, fiscal or monetary policy may be seen as a way to stabilize or stimulate the economy but the costs involved raise the price level.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"109 1","pages":"21-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Desarrollo económico de América Latina y las integraciones regionales del siglo XXI 拉丁美洲经济发展与21世纪区域一体化
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2012-12-15 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.6
Rodolfo Iván González Molina
{"title":"Desarrollo económico de América Latina y las integraciones regionales del siglo XXI","authors":"Rodolfo Iván González Molina","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.6","url":null,"abstract":"Las integraciones economicas en America latina, aqui analizadas, son la expresion de la gobernanza en el contexto del neoliberalismo, son tambien el resultado de los ajustes de segunda generacion, en terminos de aperturas comerciales, venta de activos estatales, libre movilidad de capitales de corto plazo y las mismas integraciones europeas y asiaticas que precedieron a las regionales. ?Son las integraciones la salida al desarro llo? ?Las integraciones del norte toman el mismo rumbo que las gestadas en el sur del continente? ?A quien deberia beneficiar las integraciones? ?Existe un vinculo entre el desarrollo y la demografia? Son preguntas que este articulo responde.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"16 1","pages":"123-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Contribución de la orientación emprendedora a la rentabilidad de las pymes: un análisis contingente considerando la función del entorno 创业导向对中小企业盈利能力的贡献:考虑环境功能的条件分析
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2012-12-15 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.3
I. Martins, Felipe Uribe, Diana Mesa
{"title":"Contribución de la orientación emprendedora a la rentabilidad de las pymes: un análisis contingente considerando la función del entorno","authors":"I. Martins, Felipe Uribe, Diana Mesa","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.3","url":null,"abstract":"En este articulo se investiga el efecto de la orientacion emprendedora (OE) en el desempeno financiero de la pequena y mediana empresa (pyme), asi como una propuesta de un modelo de contingencias para explorar el efecto moderador de la hostilidad del entorno sobre la relacion OE-desempeno financiero. Para examinar las hipotesis propuestas se ha utilizado informacion de 121 pymes pertenecientes a la industria manufacturera en Cataluna, Espana. Los resultados confirman la influencia positiva de la OE sobre el desempeno financiero de las empresas, y de mayor importancia aun, la influencia es mas positiva cuan- do existe un ajuste entre la OE y el entorno. Implicaciones para la academia y el mundo empresarial, con respecto a la OE en el contexto de la pyme, son presentadas y discutidas.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"16 1","pages":"45-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
La inversión extranjera directa, las exportaciones, el producto interno bruto y el mercado laboral en Puerto Rico 波多黎各的外国直接投资、出口、国内生产总值和劳动力市场
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2012-12-15 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.1
M. Lomabrdi, A. H. Juma'h, Felix Cué García, Á. Mercado, Antonio A. Lloréns Rivera
{"title":"La inversión extranjera directa, las exportaciones, el producto interno bruto y el mercado laboral en Puerto Rico","authors":"M. Lomabrdi, A. H. Juma'h, Felix Cué García, Á. Mercado, Antonio A. Lloréns Rivera","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.1","url":null,"abstract":"En este trabajo se utiliza un modelo de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) para examinar la interrelacion entre la entrada de flujos de inversion extranjera directa (EFIED), las exportaciones, el producto interno bruto (PIB), la tasa de desempleo (TD) y la tasa de participacion laboral (TPL) en Puerto Rico. Los datos utilizados incluyen los anos fisca- les de 1980 al 2010. Se encontraron cuatro vectores cointegrados en el sistema, que evidencian la existencia de una relacion de largo plazo entre las variables. Los hallazgos sugieren que aumentos consecutivos en la EFIED podrian reducir significativamente la TD e incrementar el interes de los puertorriquenos por ingresar en la fuerza laboral. El mismo resultado se refleja con relacion a los incrementos en el nivel de exportaciones. Las variaciones en el PIB se explican principalmente en el largo plazo por la TD.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"16 1","pages":"5-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Las opciones reales como metodología alternativa en la evaluación de proyectos de inversión 实物期权作为评估投资项目的替代方法
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2012-12-15 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.2
Armando Lenin Támara Ayús, R. Velásquez
{"title":"Las opciones reales como metodología alternativa en la evaluación de proyectos de inversión","authors":"Armando Lenin Támara Ayús, R. Velásquez","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to broaden the applicability of the assessment methodology of investment projects through real options as a key element for investment decision making. Traditional project valuation methodologies are described and their gaps, which special characteristic is uncertainty, are presented. A parallel between financial and real options that could be used for valuation is made, using the binomial tree method. Finally, a case study in the construction sector shows a project valuation using expand and waiting options.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"16 1","pages":"29-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Estado y economía: Críticas y propuestas en las miradas de William Beveridge y Walter Eucken (Una perspectiva histórica comparada) 国家与经济:威廉·贝弗里奇和沃尔特·尤肯眼中的批评与建议(比较历史视角)
Ecos de Economia Pub Date : 2012-12-15 DOI: 10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.5
C. Reyes
{"title":"Estado y economía: Críticas y propuestas en las miradas de William Beveridge y Walter Eucken (Una perspectiva histórica comparada)","authors":"C. Reyes","doi":"10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17230/ECOS.2012.35.5","url":null,"abstract":"El tema central que aqui se aborda es el desarrollo del pensamiento politico-economico, tanto en Alemania como Gran Bretana, relacionado con la construccion de sociedades en las que el Estado desempena el papel de asegurar niveles de estabilidad y seguridad economica a sus habitantes, particularmente durante la decada de 1940. Este articulo ofrece una perspectiva historica comparada del pensamiento economico-politico de William Beveridge y Walter Eucken. Los aspectos que se comparan son principalmente las criticas hechas al sistema economico y sus propuestas sobre la funcion que debe cumplir el Estado en la economia. El estudio de las ideas de ambos pensadores, sus criticas y propuestas en los temas economicos y politicos, permite conocer de manera mas profunda el conjunto de ideas que influyeron en el desarrollo de los estados de bienestar de posguerra, tanto en Gran Bretana como en Alemania.","PeriodicalId":40682,"journal":{"name":"Ecos de Economia","volume":"1 1","pages":"91-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67416494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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