{"title":"“A Sort of Buoy”: Stevens, Plato, and Benjamin Jowett","authors":"Jonathan Ivry","doi":"10.1353/wsj.2023.a910917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2023.a910917","url":null,"abstract":"“A Sort of Buoy”: Stevens, Plato, and Benjamin Jowett Jonathan Ivry ON JULY 4, 1900, shortly after moving to New York City to begin his short-lived career as a journalist, the twenty-year-old Wallace Stevens wrote in his journal, “I am going to get a set of [Jowett’s] Plato as soon as I can afford it and use that as a sort of buoy” (L 42). In what is perhaps a telling error, however, the name Jowett was mis-transcribed both in the Letters of Wallace Stevens and Souvenirs and Prophecies as “Lowell’s Plato,” a mistake Milton Bates notes in his Wallace Stevens: A Mythology of Self (44). If the name Jowett was already arcane enough by the 1960s and 1970s to be mis-transcribed, today Benjamin Jowett is likely even less familiar, except, perhaps, insofar as his English translations of Plato are still in publication and in use in college classrooms. In 1900, however, Jowett was more than the name on the English translation of Plato. He was a major figure in Victorian England whose fame rested on three significant, interconnected accomplishments. First, as tutor and then Master of Balliol College at Oxford University, Jowett helped promote a series of reforms that modernized university education. Second, as a liberal theologian, Jowett developed a progressive approach to Scripture and religious dogma, a position that placed him in opposition to members of the Oxford and Anglican Church establishment and that opened him up to charges of atheism. Finally, as the preeminent English translator of Plato, Jowett helped revive interest in Plato in the English-speaking world.1 Jowett’s life (1817–1893) coincided with the great technological and social upheavals that marked the nineteenth century. Though he spent most of his adult life at Oxford, his progressive views on educational reform and on theology brought him into the center of broader debates of the time, including the evolving role of social class in England, the attempt to reconcile science and rational thought with religious faith, and questions about social responsibility, freedom, and ethics. But it was as a theologian that Jowett was most controversial. His essay “On the Interpretation of Scripture,” which appeared in 1860 in the influential edited collection of theological essays Essays and Reviews, argued in favor of reading the Bible “like any other book” (143; Jowett’s emphasis). This meant, according to Peter Hinchliff, that Jowett “differed from the literalists in two particulars. [End Page 195] He did not believe that the text had been directly dictated by God: nor did it always mean what it had been traditionally understood to mean” (75). Jowett wanted a return to the text itself, with a scholar’s eye grounded in an academic appreciation of historical context, philology, and logic. “The first step,” he writes, “is to know the meaning, and this can only be done in the same careful and impartial way that we ascertain the meaning of Sophocles or of Plato.” This approach would attend to the “la","PeriodicalId":40622,"journal":{"name":"WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Harmonium through the Years","authors":"Lisa Goldfarb","doi":"10.1353/wsj.2023.a910914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2023.a910914","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonium through the Years Lisa Goldfarb A FEW MONTHS AGO, around the time when the Wallace Stevens Society decided to organize an American Literature Association panel on the centenary of Stevens’s 1923 publication of Harmonium, I had a dream about the poet. I do not often remember my dreams, but this one remains vivid in my memory. I had recently been reading (and teaching) Susan Howe’s beautiful poem “118 Westerly Terrace,” so perhaps it is not surprising that in my dream I found myself in Stevens’s Hartford home, climbing the stairs to the second floor. The stairs were carpeted, so that my footsteps were hushed, and I tread carefully as I turned the corner into a hallway. I walked tentatively, thinking that if I was quiet enough, I might feel the spirit of the poet in the hall, in the walls, in the air. Suddenly, as I looked into what appeared to be a study, I saw the poet lying still on a couch, eyes closed, with a book in hand. Nearby was a woman—I thought in my dream, “This is Holly”—who held a piece of paper—a manuscript—in her hand. It was clear from the look in her eyes that she ached to share the manuscript. I could make out that it was a poem, and I felt charged with the task to reach her so that I might read the verses scribbled there. Somehow it would be necessary to lift the poet and his daughter down the stairs, to bring them to a more comfortable and fitting place, where I could talk with them. My husband needed to lift both figures to carry them down. As we descended the stairs, I could make out some of the words of the poem, which seemed to be additional verses to, or a companion poem much like, “Waving Adieu, Adieu, Adieu.” I woke up with the first stanza of “Waving Adieu” reverberating in my head: That would be waving and that would be crying,Crying and shouting and meaning farewell,Farewell in the eyes and farewell at the centre,Just to stand still without moving a hand. (CPP 104) What an exquisite way to express the world “without heaven to follow” (CPP 104), I thought, reflecting on my dream, and to feel the present moment, however tinged with sadness, as full and complete in itself. [End Page 148] Readers may wonder why I recount this dream at the start of an essay that focuses on my experience of Harmonium. The dream, after all, culminates in my wished-for discovery of a companion piece to a poem from Ideas of Order. What the dream signifies, however, is the extent of my engagement with Stevens’s poems over a period of fifty years, and that engagement started with the poems of Harmonium. In a personal essay such as this, it would be impossible to trace in detail or to reproduce how I heard and understood particular poems when I first encountered them, as my memory is colored by the direction that my career has taken. Still, I remember the way the poems of Harmonium held my attention, and, in retrospect, I see how, from the start, reading Stevens—particularly Harmonium—taught me how to become a reader and a scholar who, ","PeriodicalId":40622,"journal":{"name":"WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135506990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"News and Comments","authors":"Bart Eeckhout, Glen MacLeod","doi":"10.1353/wsj.2022.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2022.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<span><span>In lieu of</span> an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:</span>\u0000<p> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> News and Comments <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Bart Eeckhout and Glen MacLeod </li> </ul> <p>The tenth John N. Serio Award for the Best Article Published in <em>The Wallace Stevens Journal</em> was awarded to Patrick Redding for his contribution entitled “How Stevens Read His Emerson: Marginalia and the Spirit of the Age” (Spring 2020). The award was judged by a committee of three: two Editorial Board Members (Gül Bilge Han and Krzysztof Ziarek) and the Secretary of the Wallace Stevens Society, Florian Gargaillo. It was officially presented at the 2022 MLA Convention in Washington, DC. Please join us in congratulating the author.</p> <p>***</p> <p>Millicent Borges Accardi’s poem “Let’s Very Often Say,” published in the Spring 2022 issue of this <em>Journal</em>, was selected by the Hopkins Press as one of ten “poignant” poems for the 2022 edition of National Poetry Month, an annual celebration established in 1996 by the Academy of American Poets.</p> <p>***</p> <p>The 2021 Wallace Stevens Award of the Academy of American Poets, a $100,000 lifetime achievement award “for outstanding and proven mastery in the art of poetry,” went to Toi Derricotte.</p> <p>***</p> <p>“Thirteen Ways of Looking at Blackboard,” a parody poem written by the junior music major Kayla Bivin at Northern Illinois University, was selected and published by McSweeney Internet Tendency, a website with a social media presence of about 200,000 followers on Facebook, 275,000 on Twitter, and more than 57,000 on Instagram. From the thirteen possible citations, we have selected two stanzas as examples from the poem: “O professors of University, / Why do you imagine class on Zoom? / Do you not see how Blackboard / Has a course room / Awaiting us?” And the final meditation: “She was working all afternoon. / She was studying / <strong>[End Page 266]</strong> And she was going to study. / Blackboard lingered open / On her desktop.”</p> <p>***</p> <p>In the spring of 2022, the artist Michelle Cotugno and the poet Jim Finnegan teamed up to organize an exhibition at the Hartford Public Library entitled “Words in Clay, Words on Paper.” It brought together objects in clay, made by Cotugno and including reprinted words of important poets and writers, with accompanying broadsides from a range of New England letterpress printers selected by Finnegan. The artistic collaboration further involved an artist talk and printer panel as well as a poetry reading. Three of Stevens’s poems were included among the broadsides; one other broadside referenced the poet.</p> <p>***</p> <p>Julien Strong and Luisa Caycedo-Kimura were the featured poets at the 2022 Rose Garden Reading, which was held, exceptionally, not at Elizabeth Park but at the nearby St. John’s Episcopal Church in West Hartford, Connecticut. This year the reading took place on June 18. The event was sponsored by the Frien","PeriodicalId":40622,"journal":{"name":"WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL","volume":"1 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138504313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Window-Gazing and World-Making in Stevens and Robert Creeley","authors":"Thomas Gould","doi":"10.1353/wsj.2022.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2022.0023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40622,"journal":{"name":"WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL","volume":"46 1","pages":"191 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43090547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“The World in a Verse”: Stevens, World History, and Global Modernisms","authors":"Gül Bilge Han","doi":"10.1353/wsj.2022.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2022.0020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40622,"journal":{"name":"WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL","volume":"46 1","pages":"133 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Roaming through World Literature: Shelley’s Wind, Stevens’s Blackbird, Coetzee’s Hugo Claus, and the Desire for Poetic Transformation","authors":"B. Eeckhout","doi":"10.1353/wsj.2022.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/wsj.2022.0025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40622,"journal":{"name":"WALLACE STEVENS JOURNAL","volume":"46 1","pages":"215 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44596962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}