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'Something Real': Black Bolshevism and the Comintern “真实的东西”:黑色布尔什维克主义和共产国际
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3898/175864323837280508
Catherine Bergin
{"title":"'Something Real': Black Bolshevism and the Comintern","authors":"Catherine Bergin","doi":"10.3898/175864323837280508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864323837280508","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an exploration of the internationalist race/class politics of black Bolsheviks in the United States. It places those politics within the context of both the Comintern's anti-colonialism and the wider black radical tradition. Black communists and socialists living in\u0000 the US were highly attuned to both racialised pasts and the racialised present and this impacted on their particularly enthusiastic response to the October revolution and its aftermath. It argues that these writers, thinkers and activists inaugurated an ambitious and influential political\u0000 imaginary in which black workers were central to the dismantling of racial capitalism. Through an engagement with black socialist and communist publications of the period the article demonstrates that the Comintern's anti-colonial politics of liberation spoke to black experiences of class\u0000 exploitation and racial oppression and also to the established global imaginary of the black radical tradition. These transnational politics of solidarity had an impact both on forms of African American anti-racist class politics and on the Comintern's understanding of the politics of race\u0000 and class in the United States.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133239066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Michael Goodrum and Philip Smith, Printing Terror. American Horror Comics as Cold War Commentary and Critique 迈克尔·古德鲁姆和菲利普·史密斯，《印刷恐怖》。冷战时期的美国恐怖漫画评论与批判
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3898/175864323837280490
D. Kirby
{"title":"Michael Goodrum and Philip Smith, Printing Terror. American Horror Comics as Cold War Commentary and Critique","authors":"D. Kirby","doi":"10.3898/175864323837280490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864323837280490","url":null,"abstract":"In 1944 America, 41 per cent of men and 28 per cent of women read comics, plus 91 per cent of American children. By 1950, 'the comics industry generated an annual profit of almost $41 million dollars and published 50 million comics a month: everyone read comics' (pp 17-18). Resistance\u0000 to the industry came from groups such as church and parental organisations that assumed children read the texts seriously. 1954 witnessed the adoption of the Comics Code Authority (CCA), a self-regulatory body that prohibited certain content. It dealt a huge blow to the horror genre, although\u0000 it did not destroy it: it was to see a significant revival in the 1970s when the CCA reviewed their standards.Printing Terror. American Horror Comics as Cold War Commentary and Critique provides a broad history of the comics it addresses, but its key focus is on addressing the horror\u0000 genre as a cultural force and examining its commentary on the world.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116601873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Broadening the Native Republic Thesis: De-siloing Comintern histories 拓展本土共和国命题:共产国际历史的解构
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3898/175864323837280526
O. Drachewych
{"title":"Broadening the Native Republic Thesis: De-siloing Comintern histories","authors":"O. Drachewych","doi":"10.3898/175864323837280526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864323837280526","url":null,"abstract":"After the Sixth Comintern Congress in 1928, the Native Republic Thesis, or Black-Belt Thesis, became a noted platform for the Communist Parties of South Africa and the United States. The platform called for self-determination for Black Africans and Black Americans respectively. Historians\u0000 have often reframed this platform as a call for selfdetermination on racial lines, and the thesis has become a prominent part of histories of these communist parties. Taking a comparative and transnational approach, this article argues that the Native Republic Thesis and its key tenets (including\u0000 calls for a workers' and peasants' republic or for a nation within a nation) may have extended beyond the issue of racial selfdetermination. These tenets can be found, with some variation, in similar contemporaneous communist platforms in Latin America, Australia, Belgium and the Balkans.\u0000 In the process of developing this argument, this article highlights the benefits of taking a fresh look at Comintern platforms from a transnational and comparative perspective; here this approach has suggested new questions about communist or Soviet perspectives on self-determination and nationhood,\u0000 and about Comintern leadership.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121704408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Communist Anti-Militarism in France and Anti-Colonial Wars in Morocco and Syria 法国的共产主义反军国主义与摩洛哥和叙利亚的反殖民战争
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3898/175864323837280544
Burak Sayim
{"title":"Communist Anti-Militarism in France and Anti-Colonial Wars in Morocco and Syria","authors":"Burak Sayim","doi":"10.3898/175864323837280544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864323837280544","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the intersection of Middle Eastern anti-colonialism and European anti-militarism in the interwar period through a case study focusing on French communist activities within the army during almost simultaneous anti-colonial revolts in Morocco and Syria. It argues\u0000 that the interaction between revolutionary militancy in these two regions was not unilinear. Just as the impact of European revolutionary traditions was instrumental in shaping Middle Eastern communist militancy, so Middle Eastern anti-colonialism had an – underappreciated – impact\u0000 on European communism. Through this case study it shows how the Communist International strove to give anti-militarism in the global north and anti-colonialism in the global south a common political language through which the two aspirations could converge. Instead of focusing on high-level\u0000 decisions, this study takes a tentative step towards situating this alliance – or lack thereof – in the trenches of colonial wars.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114930088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impossible heroes: Trades unionists, communists and miners in Joe Corrie's Black Earth 不可能的英雄:乔·科里的《黑土地》中的工会会员、共产主义者和矿工
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.3898/175864322836165562
Paul Malgrati
{"title":"Impossible heroes: Trades unionists, communists and miners in Joe Corrie's Black Earth","authors":"Paul Malgrati","doi":"10.3898/175864322836165562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165562","url":null,"abstract":"Black Earth is a proletarian novel, written in 1928 and published in 1939, by Scottish playwright and ex-miner Joe Corrie (1894-1968). Following publication, it was rejected by left-wing critics, bewildered by Corrie's bleak tone and apparently nihilistic views. The present\u0000 article is an attempt to contrast early reviews by providing the first in-depth reading of Black Earth. This is achieved by highlighting internal conflicts in Corrie's work between issues of class fidelity, masculine culture, and political idealism. Indeed, such tension accounts for\u0000 Corrie's rejection of Communist heroism, whose encouragement of virile, utopian behaviours is portrayed as a threat for working-class families in thrall to capitalistic exploitation. Corrie's anti-heroism is better understood not as a reactionary satire against socialist literature, but in\u0000 the broader interwar context of ' littérature prolétarienne ', which sought working-class authenticity beyond any sort of ready-made worldview.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123574863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nicolae Ceauşescu and the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 Nicolae ceauescu和1977年的久谷矿工罢工
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.3898/175864322836165599
Raluca Nicoleta Spiridon
{"title":"Nicolae Ceauşescu and the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977","authors":"Raluca Nicoleta Spiridon","doi":"10.3898/175864322836165599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165599","url":null,"abstract":"The miners' strike of 1‐3 August 1977, in the Jiu Valley, Romania's largest coalfield, was a rare example of popular revolt against the regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu, although it did not take on an explicitly political character. This article places the strike in its international\u0000 and domestic, political, and especially economic, contexts. The miners' unrest was the result of deteriorating living and working conditions, as the regime, increasingly in debt to western banks and hit by the global economic downturn, accelerated industrial investment at the expense of other\u0000 sectors. This mass strike, which mobilised around a third of the miners in a proletarian 'bastion', shook the regime, and even brought Ceauşescu to visit the Jiu Valley in person, and it extracted a range of concessions. However, as archives of the Securitate secret police show, masked\u0000 methods of repression were used against the miners and their leaders, while concessions were quickly reneged upon. This strike against a 'workers' state' anticipated further breaks in the social pact between the regime and the Romanian people, culminating in the fall of Ceauşescu in\u0000 December 1989.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131002156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Michael 'Mick' McGahey: Miner, communist and trade union leader 迈克尔·麦盖伊:矿工、共产主义者和工会领袖
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.3898/175864322836165553
Ewan Gibbs
{"title":"Michael 'Mick' McGahey: Miner, communist and trade union leader","authors":"Ewan Gibbs","doi":"10.3898/175864322836165553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165553","url":null,"abstract":"Michael McGahey was born in the Lanarkshire mining town of Shotts in 1925, a year before the general strike and miners' lockout. He died in 1999, the year that the Scottish Parliament, which he was credited with playing a leading role in bringing about, was established. McGahey had\u0000 come to public prominence in the preceding decades as President of the National Union of Mineworkers Scottish Area (NUMSA) and a public face of British miners' industrial action in the 1970s and 1980s. This paper is based on trade union and archival records, as well as oral testimonies recorded\u0000 with close comrades of McGahey, including his son, senior Scottish Communists and NUMSA officials. It firstly assesses the foundation of McGahey's worldview in the context of class struggle, personal and familial hardship and entering the mining industry as a young man. The second section\u0000 overviews McGahey's evolution from a colliery activist to a national trade union leader, underlining his willingness to build pragmatic broad left alliances between Labour and Communist affiliated miners. Section three explores the the connection between McGahey's commitment to Communism and\u0000 his support for a Scottish Parliament within the United Kingdom.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126218075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Miners and class struggle in interwar Cyprus 两次世界大战之间塞浦路斯的矿工和阶级斗争
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.3898/175864322836165580
Nikos Christofis, Christos Mais
{"title":"Miners and class struggle in interwar Cyprus","authors":"Nikos Christofis, Christos Mais","doi":"10.3898/175864322836165580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165580","url":null,"abstract":"This article outlines the nature of Cypriot mines and mine owners between 1914, when the British directly annexed Cyprus, and the Second World War, and the terms on which the British allowed foreign companies to function on the island, at the expense of the people. It then turns to\u0000 discuss the emergence of the first communist cells on the island, the establishment of the Communist Party of Cyprus (CPC) and the party's labour policies. Finally, it analyses the strikes undertaken by the miners from the 1920s to 1940, and the connection between Cypriot communists and the\u0000 miners' struggles under the conditions of British colonialism. It also problematises colonial anti-communist policies towards local political agents, which sought to suppress the emerging joint class consciousness across the island. To do this, we draw extensively on press and news reports\u0000 of the period, documents from the UK national archives, and the memoirs of leftists who were involved with and bore witness to the strikes, as well as secondary literature.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127473326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
'We want real live wires, not gas pipes': Communism in the inter-war Durham coalfield “我们想要真正的电线，而不是天然气管道”:二战期间达勒姆煤田的共产主义
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.3898/175864322836165607
Lewis Mates
{"title":"'We want real live wires, not gas pipes': Communism in the inter-war Durham coalfield","authors":"Lewis Mates","doi":"10.3898/175864322836165607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165607","url":null,"abstract":"Durham was the second largest and best unionised interwar British coalfield. With some leading pre-war Durham miner militants sympathetic to communist inspired movements after 1920, there seemed to be considerable potential for the CPGB's growth. The 'communist moment' seemed to arrive\u0000 in 1926. The Durham miners' leaders' inactivity during the general strike and after, contrasted with communists' apparent dynamism, made for excellent propaganda. Hundreds duly flocked to the CPGB throughout the coalfield in those heady months of late 1926. Yet the factors that aided communism's\u0000 growth while the dispute raged had the opposite impact after the miners' defeat. A successful counter-attack by local Labour and miners' leaders, coal owner victimisation and the defeatism and demoralisation it engendered, as well as the general depressed state of the industry that brought\u0000 short time and unemployment, saw Durham communism retreat rapidly in 1927. The district CPGB's own shortcomings also played a part. Both before 1926 and after 1934, communist influence was most readily exerted through Labour Party miner activists who had never been CPGB members. Their political\u0000 careers suggest why communism did not gain a stronger independent foothold in the Durham coalfield.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122971916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Franco-British communist solidarity in the miners' strikes of 1926, 1948 and 1984-85 法英共产党在1926年、1948年和1984-85年的矿工罢工中团结一致
Twentieth Century Communism Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.3898/175864322836165544
G. Bowd
{"title":"Franco-British communist solidarity in the miners' strikes of 1926, 1948 and 1984-85","authors":"G. Bowd","doi":"10.3898/175864322836165544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3898/175864322836165544","url":null,"abstract":"The British and French communist movements have rarely been an object of comparison, partly because of the huge difference in fortunes enjoyed by the two parties. However, one important similarity between these neighbours was the size and importance of the countries' coal industries,\u0000 as well as the militancy of their mining communities, where communism took root as a serious political and cultural force. This article examines acts of solidarity by British and French Communists during the most important miners' strikes of their parties' existence: the General Strike and\u0000 Lockout of 1926, the French miners' action of 1948, and the British miners' last great struggle of 1984-1985. Through the study of archival documents, the press and other sources, we explore how these disputes constitute important moments in the history of British and French communism, as\u0000 well as of their countries' respective labour movements. The dispute of 1984-1985 marks a culminating point that confirms the strengths and weaknesses of British and French communism's relationship with the miners.","PeriodicalId":406143,"journal":{"name":"Twentieth Century Communism","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125603297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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