{"title":"Jiří Lederer (1922–1983) – dziennikarz, dysydent, wygnaniec polityczny","authors":"Bartosz Kaliski","doi":"10.12775/polska.2019.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/polska.2019.08","url":null,"abstract":"Bohaterem szkicu biograficznego jest Jiři Lederer, czeski dziennikarz, dzialacz polityczny, dysydent, kilkakrotnie wieziony. Autor opisuje jego ideowe korzenie i ewolucje od socjalizmu, przez komunizm, do demokratycznego socjalizmu spod znaku Praskiej Wiosny (socjalizmu z ludzką twarzą), az po przymusową emigracje.","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"125 2-3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123572276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mięso","authors":"Dariusz Jarosz","doi":"10.12775/polska.2019.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/polska.2019.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125691216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pobór, wcielenie, „pruska dyscyplina”, dezercje. Wstęp do badań nad historią społeczną służby wojskowej w stalinowskiej Polsce (1950–1955)","authors":"Dariusz Jarosz, G. Miernik","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.02","url":null,"abstract":"Artykul zawiera probe wstepnej analizy wybranych zagadnien sluzby wojskowej w Polsce w latach 1950–1955. Autorzy probują to uczynic przy zastosowaniu metodologii historii spolecznej. Przedmiotem ich zainteresowania są: pobor i wcielenie do wojska, szykany, represje i nieregulaminowe kary stosowane wobec zolnierzy w jednostkach wojskowych (nazywane wowczas „pruską dyscypliną”) oraz zjawisko dezercji (definicje, legislacja, skala, przyczyny). Podstawe ustalen stanowią przede wszystkim wojskowe dokumenty archiwalne. Conscription, incorporation, “Prussian drill”, desertions: an introduction to the research into the social history of military service in Stalinist Poland (1950–1955) An analysis of military files reveals that in the Stalinist period the mandatory military service was a mass social experience which abounded with conflicts and tensions. The conscription itself, and then the enlistment were conducive to the use of various social strategies that were to preserve young men from serving in the army. These efforts were often supported by their workplaces which appealed for a deferment for their employees necessary for the realization of their production plans. One of the main problems of everyday operations of military troops in Stalinist Poland was the prevalence of socially pathological phenomena. Both the regular officers and senior privateers subjected the young soldiers to harsh and even cruel treatment. This behaviour, involving harassment and persecution unrelated to the service, was termed the “Prussian drill”, and was officially condemned, although it was applied. Military sources contain descriptions of some cases, but it is impossible to establish their actual number. Conditions of military service in the Stalinist period, including cases of Prussian drill, were one of many reasons of some “extraordinary cases”, including desertions. Desertions were among three most frequent extraordinary cases (besides accidents of mechanical vehicles and unfortunate accidents) in the Polish People’s Army in the first half of the 1950s. Usually, they were caused by soldiers most freshly conscripted, who most badly tolerated not only persecutions but also separation from their home and family. Their relatively large number resulted also from a broad definition of desertion adopted in the contemporary law regulations that included acts by which a soldier did not seek to permanently abandon and forsake his duty of military service.","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129707919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historia walki na dwa fronty. Władza – prasa – dziennikarze 1953–1955/1956","authors":"Paweł Sasanka","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.03","url":null,"abstract":"Oparte o obszerne kwerendy archiwalne, prasowe i literature przedmiotu studium polityki prasowej partii komunistycznej i sytuacji w środowisku dziennikarskim w latach 1953– 1955/1956, uwzgledniające odmienną perspektywe centrum i peryferii, na tle przemian politycznych i kulturalnych. W pierwszej fazie destalinizacji polityka prasowa PZPR byla rezultatem bardziej pragmatycznego kursu wyznaczonego przez ZSRR w krajach bloku po 1953 r. Gdy „odwilz” w Polsce nabrala wlasnej dynamiki, rozdźwiek w elicie PZPR i niespojna polityka sprzyjala poszerzaniu marginesu swobody prasy, zwlaszcza w stolicy. U progu 1956 r. cześc środowiska dziennikarzy, glownie mlodych, buntowala sie przeciwko modelowi prasy dyspozycyjnej, ograniczonej do roli narzedzia partyjnej propagandy. History of a two-front fight. The authorities – the press – journalists 1953–55/56 The main purpose of the article is to analyse the press policy conducted by the communist party and the relationship between the authorities and journalists in 1953– 55/56 against the background of political and cultural changes in Poland. The analysis is based on the broad research in archives and press releases as well as literature on the subject; the subject is presented both from the national and local perspective. In the first phase of changes after Stalin’s death the press policy of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP) was a result of more pragmatic line set by the Soviet Union in the communist block after 1953. When, at the end of 1954, the Thaw in Poland found its own dynamic, a growing discrepancy in the Party’s elite and incoherent policy contributed to the expanding margin of freedom of journalists, especially in the capital city of Warsaw. The press policy of the PUWP was the fruit of difference of opinion between the Party’s leaders, the Political Bureau, and the Secretariat of the Central Committee. The Political Bureau was slamming the brakes. For the first time in April 1955, when in a letter to the central committees of voivodeships and districts they in fact reinterpreted the decisions of the post-Thaw Third Plenum of the Central Committee. For the second time, when at the end of 1955 they criticised the Trybuna Ludu (People’s Tribune) daily and Nowe Drogi (New Ways) monthly, and undertook a failed attempt to launch an ideological offensive. Jerzy Morawski, who was put in charge on behalf of the Central Committee Secretariat, represented this part of the Party’s elite who supported cautious changes and encouraged the press to criticize economic and social pathologies, regarding it as a necessary safety valve. An analysis of Morawski’s statements reveals that, in general, he supported the press in a role of critical observer. In January 1956 the Central Committee secretary explicitly distances himself from recent decisions of the Political Bureau on the Trybuna Ludu and presented himself as the advocate of liberalisation. Ambiguous signals from the centre of power fomented unrest and frust","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126782530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zen na poddaszu. Przyczynek do recepcji buddyzmu w Polsce","authors":"B. Tracz","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.06","url":null,"abstract":"Artykul jest probą przedstawienia dziejow recepcji buddyzmu w powojennej Polsce, jako elementu przenikania nad Wisle zjawisk charakterystycznych dla cywilizacji zachodniej (atlantyckiej) w drugiej polowie XX w. Przedstawione zostaly glowne, pozauniwersyteckie ośrodki i grupy, w ktorych podejmowano proby praktyk buddyjskich, oraz osoby, ktore przyczynily sie do popularyzacji roznych odmian buddyzmu, ze szczegolnym uwzglednieniem nurtu zen i roli, jaką w jego rozpowszechnianiu w Polsce odegral amerykanski nauczyciel buddyzmu zen, Philip Kapleau. Przedstawiono rowniez dzialania prowadzone przeciwko polskim buddystom przez policje polityczną oraz droge prowadzącą do rejestracji i tym samym zalegalizowania dzialalności pierwszej wspolnoty buddyjskiej w Polsce, co nastąpilo dopiero w 1981 r. Zen in the attic. A contribution to the reception of Buddhism in Poland The reception of Buddhism, which in Europe began already in the nineteenth century, did not pass over Poland. Initially limited to scientific milieus and small social circles, in time Buddhism became more widely present, especially in artistic communities and youth subculture groups. After the World War Second, despite of being cut off by the Iron Curtain from main cultural changes, Poland was permeated by fashions and phenomena characteristic of the Atlantic civilisation, including the fascination for Oriental religiosity, especially Buddhism. Oriental studies were carried out at universities, while individuals and groups of enthusiasts tried on their own to study Buddha’s writings and teachings. There were among those people Wladyslaw Misiewicz from Radom and Piotr Boninski from Gliwice. Their interest, however, was limited to intellectual reflection and they did not practice Buddhism. One of the first groups to practice Buddhist meditation was the circle of artist Andrzej Urbanowicz, who in 1967, together with his friends established an artistic group called “Oneiron”. Texts and intellectual quest led them towards Zen Buddhism, and Urbanowicz’s atelier became the first place in Poland where meditation was practiced. Meetings were also held at Mąchocice Kapitulne near Kielce. Activities of the still unformal group of Buddhists were kept under surveillance by the secret police. In 1975 Philip Kapleau, an American teacher of Buddhism, answered the group’s invitation, and from that time on, he visited Poland many a time. After Urbanowicz left Poland, in 1978, architect Andrzej Korbel became the leader of the group; in time, the Warsaw circle took the lead, with psychotherapist Wojciech Eichelberger. In the meantime, however, efforts to legalise the group encountered obstacles and it was not until 1981 that the first Zen Buddhist Community in Poland was established. Later on, next groups were organised but, despite the fact that a real breakthrough took place after 1989, already in the 1980s there were four officially registered Buddhist communities, with branches and circles in different towns a","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132084368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Struktury poziome PZPR w warszawskim środowisku naukowym w latach 1980–1981","authors":"Piotr Ośko","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.08","url":null,"abstract":"Artykul dotyczy tzw. struktur poziomych w PZPR, bedących nieformalnymi, pozastatutowymi formami wspolpracy miedzy Podstawowymi Organizacjami Partyjnymi. Zjawisko bylo charakterystyczne dla kryzysu z lat 1980–1981 i stanowilo cześc liberalnego nurtu w partii. W tekście przyblizono dzialalnośc Partyjnej Komisji Koordynacyjnej Warszawskiego Środowiska Naukowego – zakres podejmowanych przez nią zagadnien związanych z „odnową” PZPR, relacje z aparatem warszawskim i centralnym oraz proces pacyfikacji środowiska po wprowadzeniu stanu wojennego. Communist horizontal structures in the Warsaw academic community in 1980–1981 After the agreement concluded with the “Solidarity” in summer of 1980, it was obvious that the crisis would also have an impact on the relations between members of the Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP). The Political Bureau of the Central Committee as well as the rest of the apparatus divided into two wings. Liberals wanted further cooperation with the Solidarity and democratisation of the Party’s structures. Conservatives (also called dogmatics) were eager to fight against the opposition and therefore maintain discipline in their own ranks in order to be more efficient in that struggle. Meanwhile, ordinary members massed in the Basic Party Organizations along with their leaders from the lower level of the apparatus started to articulate their disappointment and criticism of the PUWP policy and leadership. The phenomenon was most apparent at the universities and the most numerous industrial party cells. Basic organizations started to cooperate with each other, making the so-called “horizontal structures” (in opposition to vertical structures regulated in the Party’s statute). One of that structures was the Party Coordination Commission of the Warsaw Scientific Community. It was established in November 1980 and consisted of representatives of the universities and the Polish Academy of Sciences as well as representatives of workers invited to the Commission. The main issue discussed during the Commission meetings was general democratization, especially of the PUWP. The head of capital’s communist apparatus Stanislaw Kociolek supported that movement but probably it was a tactical decision made to please own members in order to have a free hand to deal with the “Solidarity” regarded as the main threat to hegemony of the Party. This uncomfortable partnership lasted almost until the introduction of martial law in December 1981 which delegalized any informal (both dogmatic and horizontal) structures.","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121804886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Więzienie karno-śledcze w Kłodzku w latach 1945–1953 (1956). Zarys problematyki","authors":"Krzysztof Łagojda","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.01","url":null,"abstract":"Artykul przedstawia historie wiezienia karno-śledczego w Klodzku w okresie formowania sie i funkcjonowania w Polsce systemu stalinowskiego. W tekście zostaly poruszone takie zagadnienia jak uruchomienie wiezienia po wojnie, rozpracowywanie sytuacji w zakladzie przez organizacje niepodleglościową WiN, zageszczenie placowki na przestrzeni lat 1945–1956, warunki bytowe oraz polityka wiezienia wobec śmierci wieźniow. Aneks do artykulu stanowi imienny wykaz osob, ktore zmarly w wiezieniu w omawianym okresie lub na ktorych zostal wykonany wyrok śmierci. Criminal investigation prison at Klodzko in 1945–1953 (1956). An Outline of Issues The author attempts to present the functioning of the criminal and investigation prison at Klodzko from the moment it was overtaken by the Polish administration until the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. The focus is, among other things, on determining the exact date of the prison’s reopening after the war and its main fields of activity in 1945–1956. The text highlights issues related to the invigilation of the prison by the Freedom and Independence Movement (WiN), the role of agents and denunciations in prison life, the changes in everyday life and living conditions of its inmates. Thus, the article includes statistics on the prison’s population and its changing density. Important findings have been made concerning death and burial. The author presents diverse hypotheses on the place of burial of deceased inmates as well as the process of informing their families. The appendix includes a list of names of all the inmates who died in the prison or were shot in the years 1945–1956.","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129266898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Różowa jutrzenka nowoczesności","authors":"K. Kosiński","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126491777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"„Zdrowie na peryferiach”. Lecznictwo i opieka zdrowotna w praktyce codziennej pierwszych dwóch dekad PRL na przykładzie listów do władz","authors":"E. Szpak","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.07","url":null,"abstract":"Prezentowany tekst podejmuje probe pokazania zakresu problemow zdrowotnych i organizacyjnych zglaszanych w skargach i listach obywateli PRL do wladz dotyczących opieki zdrowotnej. Czy w skargach dotyczących opieki szpitalnej, pisanych zarowno przez pacjentow, jak i lekarzy oraz personel medyczny (pomocniczy) przewijaly sie te same zjawiska? Czym roznily sie formulowane przez poszczegolne grupy problemy i na ile mialy one charakter uniwersalny lub wyjątkowy dla danego czasu? Co dostrzegane w analizowanych listach roznice lub podobienstwa mowily o systemie panstwowej sluzby zdrowia – to bazowe pytania badawcze stanowiące punkt wyjścia prowadzonych analiz. “Health in the peripheries”. Medical and health care in everyday practice of the first two decades of the Polish People’s Republic [– on the example of letter to the state authorities] Citizens’ letters addressed to the state authorities were not a phenomenon specific to Poland of those times as a similar phenomenon was present in other countries of post-war Central Eastern Europe. The thematic scope of the letters addressed by Polish citizens to the state authorities focused usually on situations and phenomena that caused the most bitter everyday frustration and concern. What was most often brought up in these letters were unmet fundamental needs of people – housing problems, supply shortages, lack of work, issues related to the security of possession, etc. The problems of health care, although not prevailing in general (throughout the whole period of People’s Poland), was constantly present in the files of the Bureau of Letters and Complaints. The problems of the state health system (both open and closed healthcare systems) which emerge from the letters reveal that, regardless the perspective of the author (patient, doctor, medical staff), the set of the most burning issues was the same for all. This was especially true for the first twenty years after the war experiencing the biggest organisational difficulties of the Polish healthcare system. An analysis of the problems accompanying the organisation of state healthcare system reveals that a number of phenomena and work pathologies present at that time in the medical care institutions were similar as those in other socialist workplaces.","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114463203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zamknięcie „Przeglądu Kulturalnego” i otwarcie „Kultury” w 1963 roku – sukces moczarowców w ich walce o wpływy w środowisku inteligencji","authors":"A. Długołęcki","doi":"10.12775/POLSKA.2018.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/POLSKA.2018.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":403899,"journal":{"name":"Polska 1944/45-1989. Studia i Materiały","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117261008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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