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A Matter of Scale 规模问题
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2019CN000124
Wang-Ping Chen
{"title":"A Matter of Scale","authors":"Wang-Ping Chen","doi":"10.1029/2019CN000124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019CN000124","url":null,"abstract":"Plate tectonics, one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, works particularly well in oceanic regions but has considerable difficulty to account for widespread, diffuse deformation of the continents. There has been an enduring discourse on whether continuous deformation of the crust or slip along discrete faults is a better approximation of continental tectonics. A key difficulty in resolving this issue is that the distinction between flow and slip is scale dependent. Moreover, even at scales of tens of millimeters or less, both mechanisms of deformation can coexist. Over times much longer than about 100 years, the limit of reliable geophysical data, the scale in time further complicates the problem of spatial scales. However, solutions to some problems in continental tectonics do not rely on end‐member models, and advances in understanding the role of the lithospheric mantle beneath the continental crust point the need to extend our focus below the crust.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129796566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Around Buzzards Bay to a World of Ocean Science: A Personal Perspective 从秃鹰湾到海洋科学世界:个人视角
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2019CN000102
J. Farrington
{"title":"Around Buzzards Bay to a World of Ocean Science: A Personal Perspective","authors":"J. Farrington","doi":"10.1029/2019CN000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019CN000102","url":null,"abstract":"Reading books, a chemistry set, living by the sea, and a chance attendance by John Farrington at a seminar led to doctor of philosophy studies in ocean sciences at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, with a focus on organic chemicals in estuarine ecosystems. An unexpected discovery of a chronic oil pollution problem during these studies set a course for a career of research at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution focused on the biogeochemistry of biogenic organic chemicals and organic chemicals of environmental concern such as oil chemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls. This involved cruises to deep open ocean, continental margin, and coastal ecosystems. Several times, the research was influenced by unexpected observations opening important avenues of inquiry. Details of portions of the ocean carbon cycle, especially water column particles and surface sediments, were unraveled. Environmental quality‐related research led to activities at the science‐policy interface. These laboratory group efforts have been recognized by my election as a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, among other recognitions.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127274381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Great (Toilet) Paper Chase: Our Study of the 1979 San Francisco Bay Sewage Spill (As Motivated by Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News) 伟大的(厕所)纸追逐:1979年旧金山湾污水泄漏的研究(由沃尔特·克朗凯特和哥伦比亚广播公司晚间新闻发起)
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2020CN000132
R. Oremland, J. Cloern
{"title":"The Great (Toilet) Paper Chase: Our Study of the 1979 San Francisco Bay Sewage Spill (As Motivated by Walter Cronkite and the CBS Evening News)","authors":"R. Oremland, J. Cloern","doi":"10.1029/2020CN000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020CN000132","url":null,"abstract":"Earth system science is boundless. There are no limits to the kinds of questions, problems, mysteries, or paradoxes that motivate our research and shape its direction. So how do we decide which directions to take, which questions to answer, what problems to solve? Sometimes our research is motivated by an unanticipated event requiring a degree of stochastic interpretive crystal ball gazing. Last year we ended our careers of more than four decades as life scientists at the USGS in Menlo Park, CA. We find ourselves in a state of reflection and want to share a story about a stochastic event that brought us together as collaborators, taught us essential lessons of life as research scientists, and seeded a friendship that endures.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129007895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sydney Chapman: A Biographical Sketch Based on the Book “Chapman Eighty, From His Friends” 悉尼-查普曼根据 "查普曼八十岁，从他的朋友们口中得知 "一书编写的传记素描
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2020CN000135
S. Akasofu
{"title":"Sydney Chapman: A Biographical Sketch Based on the Book “Chapman Eighty, From His Friends”","authors":"S. Akasofu","doi":"10.1029/2020CN000135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020CN000135","url":null,"abstract":"This is a brief biographical sketch of Sydney Chapman, who was one of the greatest geophysicists in the world during the 20th century and also a pioneer in space physics. It is based on the book “Chapman eighty, from his friends,” together with a few notes by the author. In his early days, Chapman devoted his study on the transport property of gases and wrote “The Mathematical Theory of Non‐Uniform Gases” with T. G. Cowling. In the field of geophysics (geomagnetism, ionospheric physics, and auroral physics), Chapman made fundamental contributions in each field, on the basis of rigorous mathematical physics and deep insight. Chapman also wrote the book “Geomagnetism” with J. Bartels. These efforts helped establish the foundation of a new field, space physics. Chapman was instrumental and effective in coordinating various international scientific organizations, serving as presidents for the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA), and the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Present advance in geophysical sciences owes greatly his devotion and accomplishments.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"73 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126107735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Perspectives on Marine Electromagnetic Methods 海洋电磁方法展望
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2019CN000123
S. Constable
{"title":"Perspectives on Marine Electromagnetic Methods","authors":"S. Constable","doi":"10.1029/2019CN000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019CN000123","url":null,"abstract":"Marine electromagnetic methods form important tools for the study of offshore geology, particularly at plate boundaries such as mid‐ocean ridges, subduction zones, and the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere, because electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on water content, partial melt, and temperature. Very early development of electromagnetic methods in the oceans was driven by military interest in marine communication and detection, and geological applications soon followed. Around the turn of the century, what was originally a niche discipline expanded dramatically when the hydrocarbon industry embraced magnetotelluric and controlled‐source electromagnetic methods as aids to deep‐water exploration, driving a significant improvement in instrumentation and interpretation software. This greatly enhanced the imaging capabilities of these methods, and led to an expansion of their academic use both in plate boundary studies and newer applications such as gas hydrate studies, offshore groundwater mapping, and others.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123587294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Living in the “What Might Be” 生活在“可能是什么”中
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2019cn000101
Carl Chappell
{"title":"Living in the “What Might Be”","authors":"Carl Chappell","doi":"10.1029/2019cn000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019cn000101","url":null,"abstract":"In a short period of time in the late 1950s and early 1960s two American presidents set forth challenges for our country to commit itself to space exploration, first with launching a satellite into orbit and then by putting American astronauts on the Moon and returning them safely to Earth. This leadership of Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy sent a clear message to all Americans, particularly young people, about the importance of committing their lives to becoming space explorers. It was a clarion call to thousands to begin their personal journeys of exploration by dedicating themselves to the study of science, mathematics, and engineering. This is the story of one of these young people who, in the face of early failure, responded to the nation's call and found his self‐esteem and ultimately his entire career living in the “what might be” of the explorer's life.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131492215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Twenty Lessons Drawn From My Subsurface Hydrology Career 我从事地下水文研究的20个经验教训
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1029/2020CN000131
S. P. Neuman
{"title":"Twenty Lessons Drawn From My Subsurface Hydrology Career","authors":"S. P. Neuman","doi":"10.1029/2020CN000131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020CN000131","url":null,"abstract":"This personal perspective complements a Brief Autobiography I (Figure 1) wrote for the journal Ground Water (Neuman, 2008). Whereas there I described my personal life from early childhood to my career stage at the time, here I focus on key science lessons my academic research, teaching, and professional consulting have taught me. Though many of these lessons have been shared with students and colleagues throughout my career, never have I had the opportunity to collect and summarize them for a wider audience as I do here. I thank the Editors for the opportunity to do so, Professor Emeritus Steve Burgess of the University of Washington and Professor Alberto Guadagnini of the Politecnico di Milano, Italy, for helping me to do so better, and hope readers will find some of these lessons intriguing enough to explore and develop the related ideas further.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129029416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anthony Del Genio: Climates of Planets Near and Far Anthony Del Genio:远近行星的气候
Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists Pub Date : 2019-11-13 DOI: 10.1029/2019CN000109
A. D. Del Genio
{"title":"Anthony Del Genio: Climates of Planets Near and Far","authors":"A. D. Del Genio","doi":"10.1029/2019CN000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019CN000109","url":null,"abstract":"Plain language summary This essay describes a career that has spanned one of the most momentous periods in science history, a time when humankind first ventured into space, visited every planet in the Solar System, discovered thousands of planets orbiting other stars, and during this whole time, began to unintentionally transform the climate of our own planet. The author had the opportunity to do research in all these areas—after failing an early graduate school exam—and grew as a scientist along the way as the direct result of working across disciplines, with the help of many colleagues whose talents complemented and often exceeded his own.","PeriodicalId":403895,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121974794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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