{"title":"Long Term Monitoring of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Sediment of Southern Iraq","authors":"I. Qzar","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.162","url":null,"abstract":"The levels of seven heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in the sediment samples from different water bodies southern Iraq. Distribution of these heavy metals in sediment showed variations in concentration with sampling site, it was undetectable for Cd and Pb for all sites, while the highest concentration was 2.207 µg/g for Ni in the upper and the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab River. Co, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn ranged from 0.083, 0.402, 1.829, 0.214 and 0.307 µg/g, respectively in Al-Chibayish Marsh to 0.486, 0.863, 2.186, 2.207 and 1.343 µg/g, respectively in the middle part of Shatt Al-Arab River. The geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) was calculated for the metals in the sediment of this study and for all other findings since 2001, to evaluate the levels of sediment pollution with heavy metals. The values of Igeo indicated that the sediment of southern Iraq were mostly unpolluted with heavy metals, except for Cd which was the polluting element in almost all of the previous studies.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115777041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review on Characteristics and Immune Response against the Proteobacterian Acinetobacter baumannii Bouvet & Grimont, 1986","authors":"F. Abdul","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.144","url":null,"abstract":"The main cause of death remains infectious diseases, especially in many countries, due for example to the emergence of large numbers of microbial strains that are resistant to many drugs and the increase of new infectious diseases. The previous problem is mostly caused by Gram-negative bacteria. For example, Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to drug plays a serious role in the abortive treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. So, to improve effective treatment in contradiction of A. baumannii, it is vital to know the origin of bacterial host interfaces, particularly those related to the host's body's defenses. Altered innate immune cells, for example DCs, NK cells, monocytes and macrophages have been recognized as primary influences in protection, in contrast to A. baumannii, between them, neutrophils refer to a master immune cells that are essential for controlling infection. Several immunological strategies have been identified to fight A. baumannii for example acknowledgment of bacteria through immunocyte done design appreciation receptors, and certainly TLRs, which activate cytokine-containing germicidal mechanisms, oxidative blast and synthesis of chemicals to increase the immune response against germs of pathogens.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121417968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Amino Acid Taurine on Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Fingerlings during Salinity Stress","authors":"Alia Salman","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.218","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary taurine (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) on grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella fingerlings during salinity stress. Fishes (1.73-8.57 g) were fed a diet up to satiation twice daily for ten weeks in four treatments: T1, T2, T3 and T4. At the end of the feeding trial, fishes were stressed by exposure to 10 PSU salinity for 14 days during which fish survival rates, total protein, glucose, oxygen and energy consumption were observed. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.5) in the survival rates between treatments, which ranged from 73.3% to 93.3%. Total protein and glucose were significantly (P≤0.05) improved by a dietary taurine diet after 14 days of salinity stress in T2 and T3. Taurine supplementation significantly (P≤ 0.05) influenced oxygen consumption with the highest value observed for T1 (255.8 mg O2/kg/hr) and T2 (213.6 mg O2/kg/hr), while the lowest value was in T3 (131.5 mg O2/kg/hr) and T4 (112.4 mg O2/kg/hr) after 14 days of salinity stress. Energy consumption rates were significant (P≤0.05) different between the treatments on the 14th day, T1 (0.85 kcal/kg/hr) significantly exceeded the other treatments, followed by T2 (0.72 kcal/kg/hr), T3 (0.44 kcal/kg/hr) and T4 (0.38 kcal/kg/hr). It appeared that taurine could be used as a feed supplement to confirm better energy consumption and blood biochemical parameters during salinity exposure of grass carp fingerlings with the optimal level of a 2% and 3% diet.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116345207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of Growth of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Cultivated in and outside Cages in Earthen Ponds in Basrah, Iraq","authors":"A. Al-Dubakel","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.204","url":null,"abstract":"The current experiment was conducted in one earthen pond (2500 m2) at Agricultural Research Station of the Aquaculture Unit, College of Agriculture at the University of Basrah, Al-Hartha District from 17 February to 10 June 2021. This experiment aims to investigate growth differences between common carp cultivated in small cages (2 x 3 x 2 meter) located inside earthen pond and those were released in the same pond. Effects of fish stocking density inside small cages were also investigated. Four stocking densities were used [100 fishes in cages 1 and 2 (T1); 150 fishes in cages 3 and 4 (T2); 200 fishes in cages 5 and 6 (T3); 250 fishes in cages 7 and 8 (T4); while 1600 fishes were stocked in the earthen pond (T5)]. Fishes were fed daily 3% of fish weight on commercial sinking pellets manufactured by Agricultural Consultant Office of the College of Agriculture. Total length and weight of fishes were measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, while subsamples of fishes were weighed periodically and daily feed changed after each weighing. Daily feed was divided into three meals, the first one was given early at the morning, the second one at mid-day and the third one at afternoon. Results of current experiment revealed best growth criteria in T1 where average final weight was 750.5 g, average weight increment was 454.6 g, average daily growth rate was 4.33 g/day and average feed conversion rate was 2.77. Some of these criteria showed significant differences (P≤0.05) between T1 and other treatments, while feeding conversion rate (3.33) was achieved by fishes reared outside cages in the pond. As a conclusion, it can be pointed out that growth criteria of fishes reared inside cages were better than fishes reared outside cages and fish stocking densities were not affecting growth criteria of fishes reared inside cages.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"291 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131795409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Hindiya Dam on Copepoda Diversity in Euphrates River, North of Babylon Province, Iraq","authors":"M. Nashaat","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.121","url":null,"abstract":"The study was the first trial to evaluate the effect of the Hindiya Dam on the Euphrates copepods diversity during January to December 2019. The copepod density average was decreased clearly at downstream the dam compared with dam site. Nauplii showed the highest percentages relative abundance while Macrocyclops albidus albidus was the lowest. Thirty-eight taxa were recorded, including 9, 4, 2, 1 and 22 taxa of Calanoida, Harpacticoida, parasitic cyclops, nauplii, and Cyclopoda, respectively. The average values of species richness index declined from 0.83 at site 1 to 0.62 at dam downstream. Copepods were considered as a distributed richness. Site 4 with 5 had the lowest similarity (49.99%), whereas the highest Jaccard index percentage (92.5%) was between sites 1 and 4. The average values of Shannon-Weiner index ranged from 0.788- 0.96 bit/ind at up and downstream dam, respectively. The dam is considered as moderate to unbalance according to uniformity index. Constant taxa decreased from 6 on upstream to 4 downstream dam. It was concluded that the change in hydrological conditions from current water in site 1 to limnetic basins in site 2, then back to current water at sites 3, 4 and 5 downstream dam had a significant impact on the spatial composition of the copepod community.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120992660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluating the Water Quality of Al-Chibayish Marsh, Southern Iraq by Using the Canadian Index CCME-WQI","authors":"Azhar Al-Asadi","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.192","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Chibayish Marsh is one of the most important marshes located in southern Iraq. Many sewage plants discharging into the marsh and affect its water quality. The present study aims at evaluating the water suitability for drinking, irrigation and other domestic uses. Water samples were collected monthly from six stations in the marsh during August 2018 to July 2019. Twenty variables were monitored to apply the Canadian index, there are including water temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids , total dissolved solids, dissolved Oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, active Phosphate, Sulfate, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, Sodium adsorption ratio, Boron and fecal coliform bacteria. The findings showed that the water of Al-Chibayish Marsh was marginal to poor for general uses, while it was poor for drinking or irrigation at all stations. The Iraqi Marshes Protection Law against pollution must be enforced to prevent the obvious deterioration of the marsh water to improve its quality.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126274425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Heavy Metal Pollution in Iraqi Rivers and Impact on Human and Fish Health: A Review","authors":"E. Al-Sarraj","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.95","url":null,"abstract":"The Euphrates and Tigris rivers are the main vital water sources in Iraq, and therefore many studies have been conducted on them to find out the reasons for their pollution, and the most important sources of pollution are heavy metals. Heavy metals are usually present in nature. Some of them are necessary for life, but they can become toxic through their accumulation in living organisms, as they cannot be eliminated in ecosystems through natural processes, unlike most organic pollutants, where these elements are one of the dangerous pollutants that enter the freshwater environment and cause an imbalance in the ecological system. This is directly or indirectly reflected on the human beings. These elements enter the plant and animal bodies through the soil, water and air which have been categorized by their ability to bio-accumulate in the tissues of animals and elevate their concentration in the tissue and body fluids. Such bioaccumulation causes toxicity to living organisms and may affect human public health. Fishes are the most susceptible among the aquatic animals to the toxicity of heavy metals. They are a basic food source and animal protein, cheap and economical, with a high nutritional value and the human body needs them on a permanent and continuous basis. Fishes are also commonly used in assessing the health of aquatic organisms. This review is focused on the pathological effects of heavy metals in both fishes and humans.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130752150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on Precipitation Change and its Impact on Wheat Cultivation in Sulaimaniyah Region, Iraq","authors":"Akram Abdul Rahman","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.178","url":null,"abstract":"Using a production function method and district-level data from 1941 to 2020, this study examines the influence of climate change on wheat cropped area in Sulaimaniyah. The data for these time periods provide evidence of an increase in mean rainfall. Since the quantity of rain that fell on Sulaimaniyah during the 79-year research period is averaged out, it comes to 679 mm, which is a good rate for fulfilling agricultural irrigation demands in this location, especially when an essential crop like wheat requires about 450 mm for adequate output. Only nine years, out of the 79 years analyzed, had less than 450 mm of rain, while the rest had more than 450 mm. During the research period, variations in rainfall quantities had an impact on the farmed areas. Season 2019-2020 cultivated about 39250 hectares in Sulaimaniyah Region, with precipitation of 746 mm, while the season before that was one of the wettest, with 1317 mm rain. For the rainy years, which allow greater areas for cultivation, the visual distribution of cultivated areas across the study years reveals a semi-organized pattern. Seasons 2006-2007, 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 were three of the driest seasons, with agricultural areas reduced to bare minimums despite acceptable rainfall levels, although those years were not drought years, since a drought year is defined as a year with less than 300 mm of rain.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132110428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Histopathological Changes in the Liver and Spleen of Albino Mouse, Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Experimentally Infected with the Hydatid Cyst of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) and Its Treatments with Oxfendazole","authors":"A. Sadek","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.2.113","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted as an attempt to chemically treat secondary hydatid cyst disease in the Albino mouse Mus musculus strain Balb/c. Oxfendazole (OFZ) was used at a concentration of 30 mg/kg, and the histopathological changes in the liver and spleen were examined. The efficiency of the drug was observed compared to the positive untreated control group. However, some histopathological changes were noticed in liver and spleen of the OFZ-treated mice.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"41 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120838000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Host and a New Locality for Aspidogaster limacoides Diesing, 1834 (Trematoda: Aspidogastridae) Infecting the Caspian Freshwater Turtle Mauremys caspica (Gmelin, 1774) in Basrah Province, Iraq","authors":"Salem Al-Daraji","doi":"10.51304/baer.2022.6.1.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51304/baer.2022.6.1.44","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 21 specimens of Aspidogaster limacoides Diesing, 1834 were detected from the small intestine of eight infected specimens of the Caspian freshwater turtle Mauremys caspica (Gmelin, 1774) captured from Al-Mashab River, northwest Basrah City. As the present parasite represents its first record in the turtle as a new host and in Basrah city as a new locality, a redescription, measurements and illustration are presented.","PeriodicalId":403888,"journal":{"name":"Biological and Applied Environmental Research","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117036570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}