{"title":"Material Presence, Online Attention, and Proto-State Newsworthiness","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 identifies the material factors that al-Qaeda and ISIS draw upon to attract attention to their proto-states by online users and traditional media outlets. It begins by recognizing the highly crowded, competitive nature of the online environment and the fact that both proto-states have had millions of news items written about them and millions of online views of their content. It then establishes a clear association between material conditions linked to the proto-states’ defining elements and spikes in attention by online users and international news outlets. Using Google Trend Score and Nexis-Uni data, the chapter demonstrates how material elements related to the definitional components of ideology, aggression, governance, population control, territorial control, and alliances are all associated with the attention of online users and traditional media sources.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129575468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Audience Resilience Strategies of Proto-State Media Systems","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 explores the symbolic factors that al-Qaeda and ISIS use to sustain the attention of their followers. It begins by analyzing the strategies that proto-states rely on to build their credibility, particularly in relation to their militant efforts, their media operations, and their community-building activities. It then examines the groups’ patterned approaches for enhancing audience involvement in their various multimodal media products. Finally, it reveals how the proto-states adapt their media products in response to on-the-ground actions, both of their own and their enemies’ making. The chapter concludes with the observation that despite the identified patterns of building credibility, audience involvement, and adaptability, the proto-states’ choices vary based on the identity of the proto-state group, the media product type, the subject matter of the content, the presentational form of that content, the target audience, the media channels, and the situational context.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132272960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transhistorical Militancy, Community-Building, and Proto-State Media Systems","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 describes how the repeated references to historic battles and fighters in ISIS and al-Qaeda’s media products set expectations for the proto-state communities and their media systems. It explores how mentions of the past battles and fighters help define transhistorical subjectivities that frame the groups’ identity as timeless and serve as models for beliefs and behaviors for proto-state members. It also reveals how the historic references function to expose the groups’ criteria for evaluating their own proto-state media systems. The chapter examines how the two proto-states strategically positioned various battles (Badr, al-Azhab, al-Yamama, al-Qadissiyah, and Ain Jalut) and fighters (Hamza ibn Abdul Mutalib, Abu Baseer, Abu Jandal, Umm Amarah, Al-Khansa, the Pharaoh, Abdullah ibn Ubai ibn Salul, and Al-Aswad Al-Ansi) to define community and media system standards. It concludes with a discussion of how the groups’ mentions of contemporary martyrs function in similar ways.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132631645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Challenge to State-Based Global Media Systems","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 begins by profiling Ahmad Abousamra and Samir Khan, two young males born in the United States who emerged as major national security threats to their homeland by writing online publications in support of al-Qaeda and ISIS. Recognizing the opportunity that online environments open for extremist groups to reach global audiences, it itemizes the standard state-based rubrics for evaluating media systems, defines the rising phenomenon of proto-states, and explores why state-based models are insufficient, if not misguided, for understanding proto-state media systems. It then draws on theories of constitutive rhetoric and online networks to identify key foundations of an alternative, identity-based approach. It concludes by naming al-Qaeda and ISIS as case studies and by illustrating how both serve as exemplars of proto-states in the contemporary environment.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130953659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proto-State Media Systems","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 begins by tracing the structural evolution of al-Qaeda and ISIS media. It explains how, early on, the two groups relied upon individual media sectors or media channels to convey their messaging to followers. Moving forward, it explains how each has its own mature media system, complete with complex, operational structures and substantial audience reach. It then analyzes the two groups’ media systems through the lens of Hallin and Mancini’s four standard rubrics for evaluating state-based, media systems: structure of the media market, political parallelism, journalistic roles, and role of the state. While acknowledging the ongoing relevance of certain subcomponents of this conventional framework in the proto-state context, the chapter concludes by showing how an exclusive reliance on such state-based approaches would fail to account fully for key variables operating in militant, proto-state media systems.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125649563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transpatial Identity, Community-Building, and Proto-State Media Systems","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 focuses on how and why al-Qaeda and ISIS infuse the narratives in their media products with spatial references. It begins by highlighting the need for the two proto-states to secure land to accommodate their communities—a matter that results in the simultaneous challenge of defining state sovereignty by negation and affirmation. It then shows how the two groups respond by utilizing patterned, transpatial scenic depictions to negate national identities and affirm their new global imaginaries. It reveals how the groups infuse both individual and group character depictions with transpatial meanings in ways that highlight and resolve ongoing, space-related controversies in line with proto-state interests. It concludes by assessing how al-Qaeda and ISIS develop the theme of spatial control to legitimize their group as the appropriate alternative to lead their envisioned collectives.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129430621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Analytical Approach for Understanding Proto-State Media Systems","authors":"Carol K. Winkler, Kareem El Damanhoury","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568026.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 lays out an integrated model for conducting comparative studies of proto-states media systems. It begins by reviewing the applicable elements from current state-based, media system models that have ongoing relevance in the proto-state context. It then expands conventional media systems theory by establishing the need for considerations of four new rubrics: transhistorical identity formulations, transpatial identity formulations, material condition–attention interactions, and material condition–resiliency interactions. Taking each of the elements in turn, the chapter describes key factors associated with the new rubric, demonstrates its application to Sunni militant groups, and speculates on its application to other militant groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how attention to the four new rubrics has implications for winning hearts and minds in the online environment.","PeriodicalId":403049,"journal":{"name":"Proto-State Media Systems","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114995647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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