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Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140302418

A. Hayes

引用次数: 0

Oxidative Stress-Inducing Workplace Agents 诱发氧化应激的工作场所药剂

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140302423

J. Gromadzińska, W. Wąsowicz

引用次数: 3

The Role of Essential Elements in Oxidative Stress 必需元素在氧化应激中的作用

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140302421

W. Wąsowicz, E. Reszka, J. Gromadzińska, K. Rydzyński

{"title":"The Role of Essential Elements in Oxidative Stress","authors":"W. Wąsowicz, E. Reszka, J. Gromadzińska, K. Rydzyński","doi":"10.1080/08865140302421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302421","url":null,"abstract":"Essential elements, mainly selenium (and zinc), are involved in the protection against oxidative stress, as well as in oxidation-induced programmed cell death, which make them a distinct antitumorogenic agent. Selenium (Se) shows a multifunctional action that leads to preventing cancer development. Mechanisms of anticarcinogenetic Se activity seem to depend on selenium dosage, chemical form of selenium, and its metabolism. This \"double-edge sword\" acts as a reactive species scavenger due to Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and other selenoproteins. Epidemiological studies have show that low Se levels are associated with a 2-fold to 6-fold cancer risk in the lowest tertile or quintile (depending on the study). Modulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes by selenium compounds also can inhibit reactive oxygen species generation. However, chemopreventive activity of selenium induces cell cycle arrest, which can lead to apoptosis. The association between zinc and antioxidative processes has not as yet been explicitly defined. Researchers suggest that zinc has the capacity to act in synergism with vitamin E to protect cellular membranes against oxidative stress. Zinc has been shown to compete for iron binding sites, providing protection aginst iron-mediated DNA damage.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133865044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems 生物系统中活性氧的产生

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140302420

G. Bartosz

引用次数: 35

Reactive Oxygen Species Produced by Physical Agents 物理试剂产生的活性氧

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140302419

M. Zmyślony, M. Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska

引用次数: 3

Overview: Reactive Oxygen in Biological System 概述:生物系统中的活性氧

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2003-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140302417

K. Rydzyński, W. Wąsowicz

{"title":"Overview: Reactive Oxygen in Biological System","authors":"K. Rydzyński, W. Wąsowicz","doi":"10.1080/08865140302417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140302417","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of free radicals in living systems was discovered nearly half a century ago on the basis of the similarity between the effects of ionizing radiation and aging. A broader understanding of the extent and importance of the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals and nonradical reactive oxygen-containing molecules emerged after the discovery of superoxide dismutase. A free radical is defined as any chemical species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons on the outer orbit. The presence of unpaired electrons causes free radicals to be paramagnetic and usually makes them very reactive. Dr. Grzegorz Bartosz covers ‘‘reactive oxygen species in biological systems’’ by discussing the major routes for generation of reactive oxygen species. The work environment contains a number of chemicals that if inhaled or absorbed by the body pose a potential risk for workers’ health. Interaction between air pollutants and living tissue may cause a disturbance of the oxidative balance of the body. The topic of ‘‘oxidative stress-inducing workplace agents’’ is discussed by Drs. Jolanta Gromadzinska and Wasowicz. They cover a number of chemicals found in the workplace that have been shown to have strong oxidative properties. The role of ‘‘essential elements in oxidative stress’’ is discussed by Drs. Wasowicz, Reszka, Gromadzinska, and Rydzynski. They point out that many of the essential elements are involved in protection against oxidative stress as well as in oxidation-induced programmed cell death. Selenium and zinc are among the essential elements involved in these protective mechanisms. A number of physical agents including ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic ionizing radiation, ultrasound, and low frequency magnetic fields can","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125481700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Using and Communicating the Comparative Dietary Risk Framework 使用和传播比较饮食风险框架

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140215059

B. Knuth

{"title":"Using and Communicating the Comparative Dietary Risk Framework","authors":"B. Knuth","doi":"10.1080/08865140215059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215059","url":null,"abstract":"This framework and approach could be used by state, tribal, and local risk managers who set fish advisories to provide additional information on possible health benefits to those who fish and eat fish. Because of the dataintense process and results of the fish consumption index (FCI), a solid risk communication program is necessary to ensure successful usage of the information generated. The risk communication process associated with fish consumption health advisories has been described in depth in U.S. EPA’s Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Vol. 4 (U.S. EPA, 1995b). This article summarizes key elements of that process applied to the comparative dietary risk framework, emphasizing that risk communication is a process of information exchange between the target audience and the risk communicator. Two cautions about communicating information from the framework should be reiterated. First, instituting a risk communication program assumes the existence of quality information to communicate. Developing a risk communication approach at this stage of evolution in the Comparative Dietary Risk Framework is appropriate; however, implementing a risk communication program is not appropriate until the data are available for calculating the actual values that would be used in the framework and the FCI. Second, although the framework provides a mechanism for comparing risks and benefits associated with fish consumption, it is not a justification for accepting fish consumption risks as long as there is a net benefit. Decisions about acceptable risks and distribution of risks and benefits throughout society is a social decision, to be made collectively by the communities affected","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132136178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Health Benefits from Eating Fish 吃鱼对健康的好处

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140215064

M. Daviglus, J. Sheeshka, E. Murkin

{"title":"Health Benefits from Eating Fish","authors":"M. Daviglus, J. Sheeshka, E. Murkin","doi":"10.1080/08865140215064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215064","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to providing high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, and other nutrients required daily in the human diet (discussed in the following article ‘‘Nutritional Aspects of Fish Compared with Other Protein Sources’’), fish consumption is also associated with certain health endpoints over the longer term. This article provides a brief overview of health endpoints that have been shown, or are hypothesized, to be associated with fish consumption. In some cases the weight of evidence supports the relationship between eating fish and a lowered risk of disease (e.g., coronary heart disease or CHD). For other health endpoints, the link is more controversial (e.g., arthritis) and more research studies are needed. This report refers to the changes in health endpoints associated with fish consumption as benefits, because they generally involve a reduction in the risk of chronic disease. The article begins with an overview of the major studies that have examined the association between fish consumption and CHD, those studies that have found associations and those that have not. It then continues with a brief description of studies that have looked at fish consumption in relation to several other endpoints. The concept that eating fish may reduce the risk of CHD apparently originated from reports on the small population of nonacculturated Eskimos in arctic Greenland, where high consumption of marine animals (e.g., seal, fish) was observed (Bang et al., 1971, 1980). It was claimed that coronary","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125767706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 160

Conclusions and Research Needs 结论与研究需求

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140215060

J. Patterson, M. Dourson

{"title":"Conclusions and Research Needs","authors":"J. Patterson, M. Dourson","doi":"10.1080/08865140215060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08865140215060","url":null,"abstract":"This issue has outlined an approach to evaluate the potential health benefits of consuming fish against the potential health risks of eating contaminated fish. Some evidence exists for an association between decreased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or myocardial infarction (MI), and consumption of small amounts of fish, including mainly lean (nonfatty) fish. Additional studies have seen some association between eating fish and reduced risk of stroke and arthritis and enhanced immunological and nervous system development. These data, along with the superior nutritional value of fish, are strong enough that public health officials routinely encourage the public to eat more fish. Consuming uncontaminated fish (or at least fish that are smaller, younger, or in general less contaminated) may provide health benefits as mentioned, but without the potential health risks associated with contamination. Before eating any contaminated fish, consumers should consider fish supplies from cleaner water bodies, eating smaller, and less contaminated fish, and cooking and cleaning methods that reduce contaminants. The eating of such ‘‘cleaner’’ fish rather than more contaminated fish would maximize the net benefit of fish consumption. This is shown specifically in Figures 6–16 in the framework article for low versus high concentrations of chemicals in fish, for those chemicals that bioaccumulate, or for fish contaminated with more that one chemical. When alternatives to eating contaminated fish are not available or desired, it may be appropriate to weigh the risks of eating less of these contaminated fish with the benefits gained from eating more of these same fish. The framework developed here can crudely compare these risks and benefits.","PeriodicalId":402874,"journal":{"name":"Comments on Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122457173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Sociocultural Considerations of Fish Consumption 鱼类消费的社会文化考虑

Comments on Toxicology Pub Date : 2002-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/08865140215063

Daniel M. Cartledge

引用次数: 7