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Piecemeal Harmonisation Through the Damages Directive? Remarks on What Received Too Little Attention in Relation to Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law 通过损害赔偿指令实现零敲碎打的协调?论欧盟竞争法私人执法中受到太少关注的问题
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-12-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2866244
Anna Piszcz
{"title":"Piecemeal Harmonisation Through the Damages Directive? Remarks on What Received Too Little Attention in Relation to Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law","authors":"Anna Piszcz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2866244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2866244","url":null,"abstract":"On 11 June 2013, the European Commission adopted a package of measures to tackle the lack of an efficient and coherent private enforcement system of EU competition law in its Member States. In particular, a draft Damages Directive was proposed in order to meet the need for a sound European approach to private enforcement of EU competition law in damages actions. The Damages Directive was ultimately adopted on 26 November 2014. This paper explores some aspects of private antitrust enforcement which have not received sufficient attention from the EU decision-makers during the long preparatory and legislative works preceding the Directive. The paper discusses also some of the remedies that have not been harmonised, and shows how these ‘gaps’ in harmonisation may limit the Directive’s expected influence on both the thinking and practice of private antitrust enforcement in Europe. It is argued in conclusion that further harmonisation may be needed in order to actually transform private enforcement of EU competition law before national courts.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132531746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Tax Legislation and the Notion of Fiscal Aid – A Review of Five Years of European Jurisprudence 税收立法与财政援助概念——欧洲法理学五年回顾
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-12-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2707049
W. Schoen
{"title":"Tax Legislation and the Notion of Fiscal Aid – A Review of Five Years of European Jurisprudence","authors":"W. Schoen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2707049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2707049","url":null,"abstract":"State aid discipline under Art.107, 108 TFEU has established itself as a major constraint to the tax sovereignty of national legislators. By analyzing a great number of CJEU judgments delivered during the last five years, this article lays out both the conceptual and the political issues which arise when tax benefits are subject to control under European competition law. This affects the concepts of “advantage”, “selectivity” and “discrimination” as well as special cases like “negative state aid”, “indirect selectivity” or “de-facto selectivity”. The author proposes to apply Art.107 par.1 TFEU only if a tax provision deviates beneficially from a “normal” or “benchmark” treatment and rejects the trend to interpret Art.107 par.1 TFEU as a general ban on discrimination. Moreover, this article pleads for a limited reading of “selectivity” which is only given when a tax advantage confers a financial benefit on certain branches of the economy or certain individualized enterprises.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115955136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
The Future of the Constitutional Welfare State in Europe from the Irish Perspective 从爱尔兰的视角看欧洲宪政福利国家的未来
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-12-04 DOI: 10.5771/9783845272481-123
D. Phelan
{"title":"The Future of the Constitutional Welfare State in Europe from the Irish Perspective","authors":"D. Phelan","doi":"10.5771/9783845272481-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845272481-123","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution on the future of the constitutional welfare State in Europe originated in he broader speech delivered at the SIPE congress on Halloween 2014 in the Acropolis museum in Athens. Here I curate important developments over the past twelve months against the background of the past concept of social rights and the present statutory framework, and make as a curator’s note some comment toward the future.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"6 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120809998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Social Justice in an Ever More Diverse Union 一个更加多样化的联盟中的社会正义
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/9781108235174.005
C. Joerges
{"title":"Social Justice in an Ever More Diverse Union","authors":"C. Joerges","doi":"10.1017/9781108235174.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108235174.005","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘European Social Model’, ill-defined and under-theorised as it may be, is widely perceived as the great looser in the political and institutional re-configuration of the European integration project which we have witnessed under the impact of the financial crisis. The state of social Europe is indeed deplorable. The turn to austerity politics has not only led to the imposition of rigid ‘structural reforms’ on countries of the European South, but reflects a general retreat from the welfare state commitments which were until recently understood as a common European legacy. The search for a preservation and renewal of that legacy must not focus exclusively on topical claims and urgencies. It will have to include an exploration of potential failures in the design of the European project and the conceptual frameworks which have guided its praxis. The critical reconstruction in this paper reveals continuities, discontinuities and missed opportunities. EMU as established by the Maastricht Treaty and complemented by the Stability and Growth Pact is identified as a turning point: a break with the integration through law tradition which nevertheless failed to open avenues for legitimate political and economic governance. Under economic emergency of the financial crisis the commitment to the financial stability of the Eurozone as a whole necessitated the imposition of austerity measures. After the legalisation of Europe’s crisis politics by the Pringle and Gauweiler judgments with their recognition of wide discretionary powers of the ECB in its understanding and implementation of Europe’s monetary policy, it has become more difficult than ever to overcome the barriers against renewed efforts to strengthen the social dimension of the integration project.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116091001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Suspected Terrorists’ Rights between the Fragmentation and Merger of Legal Orders: Reflections in the Margin of the Kadi ECJ Appeal Judgment 法律秩序分裂与合并之间的恐怖嫌疑人权利:对欧洲法院卡迪上诉判决边缘的思考
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-11-25 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2694103
C. Drăghici
{"title":"Suspected Terrorists’ Rights between the Fragmentation and Merger of Legal Orders: Reflections in the Margin of the Kadi ECJ Appeal Judgment","authors":"C. Drăghici","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2694103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2694103","url":null,"abstract":"The article comments on the systemic significance on the ECJ judgment in Kadi from the viewpoint of the interdependence and mutual resistance of legal orders in the contemporary world.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133524143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Internal Enlargement in the European Union: Beyond Legalism and Political Expediency 欧盟内部扩张:超越法律主义和政治权宜之计
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-10-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2676025
Neil Walker
{"title":"Internal Enlargement in the European Union: Beyond Legalism and Political Expediency","authors":"Neil Walker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2676025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2676025","url":null,"abstract":"The argument of this paper proceeds in three stages. It begins by criticizing the tendency in recent debates on sub-state nationalism in Europe to avoid the deeper questions of political morality concerning the entitlement (or otherwise) of these sub-state nations that are separating from existing Member States to assume membership of the European Union. It then raises these deeper questions, and argues, against Joseph Weiler in particular, that the correct attitude for the EU to take is one of considered neutrality rather than strong endorsement either of the case for accession or of the case against accession by new internal states. In the final part of the argument what role, if any, the EU has to play in the absence of such a directorial mandate, is examined. A more modest procedural role is then considered, and dismissed as unlikely though attractive. In conclusion, it is argued that the EU nonetheless influences the debate over the sovereign aspirations of sub-state nations simply by existing, and thereby changing the balance of political incentives in a way that is more accommodating of forms of autonomy short of independence.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130909618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Roam Like at Home: Balancing Political Objective with Heterogeneity of Mobile Costs and Usages in Europe 像在家一样漫游:平衡欧洲移动成本和使用异质性的政治目标
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-09-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2677253
Laure Jaunaux, Philippe Deniau, M. Lebourges
{"title":"Roam Like at Home: Balancing Political Objective with Heterogeneity of Mobile Costs and Usages in Europe","authors":"Laure Jaunaux, Philippe Deniau, M. Lebourges","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2677253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2677253","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the consequences on European markets of the introduction of “Roam Like at Home” (RLAH) obligation, which prohibit any price surcharge for roaming usage within EU. It demonstrates that RLAH cannot be achieved while ensuring both the profitability of retail roaming prices in home markets and the profitability of wholesale roaming prices in visited markets. Roaming retail profitability becomes economically irrelevant as under RLAH, roaming becomes a component of mobile national activity and RLAH is generally sustainable in Europe under current wholesale roaming regulation. Wholesale roaming providers must recover the fully allocated costs of providing the service to avoid undermining the sustainability of national markets. Wholesale roaming regulation can be justified only if the market is not competitive. But regulation on wholesale roaming markets would not erase the heterogeneity of mobile costs and usage in Europe, which is the reason why in a few national mobile markets widely departing from European averages, regulation should allow a limited departure from pure RLAH obligation.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125036439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Minimum Harmonisation and Article 16 CFR: Difficult Times Ahead for Social Legislation? 最低协调与CFR第16条:社会立法的艰难时期?
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-09-20 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2663044
M. Bartl, Candida Leone
{"title":"Minimum Harmonisation and Article 16 CFR: Difficult Times Ahead for Social Legislation?","authors":"M. Bartl, Candida Leone","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2663044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2663044","url":null,"abstract":"Two years later, as other contributions in this volume show, it still seems worth discussing Alemo-Herron. The case was a particularly bad surprise for those who had been more favourably impressed by previous decisions such as Aziz or Morcillo, in which the Court of Justice seemed inspired by the Charter of Fundamental Rights to grant relief to people being crudely hit by the economic crisis. Alemo-Herron seems to indicate a different path, providing the application of EU fundamental rights to private law questions with a somewhat bitter aftertaste. We argue that Alemo Herron is a problematic decision in two fundamental ways: first, it discounts the constitutional meaning of minimum harmonisation and second, it grants a thick partial meaning to article 16 CFR.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130981320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The Presumption and Quantification of Harm in the Damages Directive and the Practical Guide 损害赔偿指令与实务指南中损害的推定与量化
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-09-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3718942
Marios Iacovides
{"title":"The Presumption and Quantification of Harm in the Damages Directive and the Practical Guide","authors":"Marios Iacovides","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3718942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3718942","url":null,"abstract":"One of the beneficial innovations for claimants introduced by the EU Competition Damages Directive is the rebuttable presumption of harm in cartel cases enshrined in Article 17(2). Especially for follow-on claimants, i.e. claimants who base their case on a cartel case that has already been brought successfully by the European Commission or by a national competition authority, the presumption of harm will be of the greatest utility. Not having to prove the infringement, nor that the cartel has resulted in some harm, will leave them with the need to only show loss, causation and quantum. Stand-alone claimants will need to prove the infringement of EU (or national) competition law in addition to that. <br><br>The estimation of the quantum of damages in competition law cases can be costly in terms of time, effort and resources, due to the complexity of the economic data and the methods of transforming it into legally meaningful indicators of damage. The estimation is also inherently speculative, since it involves a counterfactual. Although the existence of harm and its quantification are two distinct elements of a successful claim for damages, the benefits from the former depend to a great extent on the latter. This was realised by the drafters of the Directive, who included in Article 17 an obligation on national courts to estimate the harm and an option for national competition authorities to assist in its calculation.<br><br>In this paper, I discuss the relationship between the presumption of harm and its quantification, and by extension also the relationship between the Damages Directive and the Practical Guide on Quantifying the harm. <br><br>As shown in the paper, it is doubtful that the presumption of harm in cartels will make much practical difference in the case law. The positive impact will instead come from the national courts’ power to estimate the harm, and the national competition authorities’ possibility to assist therewith.<br><br>","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133745747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Regulatory Cooperation Chapter of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Institutional Structures and Democratic Consequences 跨大西洋贸易和投资伙伴关系的监管合作章节:制度结构和民主后果
European Public Law: EU eJournal Pub Date : 2015-08-26 DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgv026
A. Alemanno
{"title":"The Regulatory Cooperation Chapter of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: Institutional Structures and Democratic Consequences","authors":"A. Alemanno","doi":"10.1093/jiel/jgv026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgv026","url":null,"abstract":"The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) has the potential to remake political and legal relationships between the EU and the US and pave the way to a new form of global economic governance based on international regulatory cooperation. In particular, TTIP presents an historic opportunity for the European Union and the United States to remove regulatory divergence – today’s most prominent obstacle to trade exchanges –, thereby increasing economic growth for the citizens of both polities. Yet, the EU and the US have been attempting to reduce trade barriers since the 1970s. Despite decades of co-operation, EU and US policymakers too often fail to mutually understand each other’s positions, giving rise to regulatory differences. As an international agreement predicted to contain a Horizontal Chapter – an innovative approach to international trade treaty-making containing a framework for future bilateral regulatory cooperation –, TTIP has the potential to transform this impasse, if approached correctly. The envisaged chapter would provide a ‘gateway’ for handling sectoral regulatory issues between the EU and the US, including by addressing both legislation and non-legislative acts, regardless of the level at which they are adopted and by whom. Yet with great promises come challenges too.This article focuses on the structure, scope, discipline, institutional design, enforcement and implementation of the envisaged horizontal chapter, often defined Regulatory Cooperation Chapter. In so doing, it addresses some of the concerns currently raised by civil society, in particular the fear of a ‘race to the bottom’ that may stem from the operation of this chapter and provides some recommendations.","PeriodicalId":401648,"journal":{"name":"European Public Law: EU eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131027626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
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