International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive最新文献

{"title":"Diabetic kidney disease: Risk factors, challenges and opportunities in the era of precision medicine","authors":"Sadav khan, S P Srinivas Nayak, Sudhanshu Sen, Durgesh Kumar, Vicky Kumar Verma, Dhruvi patel, G S Chakraborthy","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0027","url":null,"abstract":"DKD is now recognized as the primary cause of chronic and end-stage-renal disease worldwide. The disease is characterized by changes in renal function and structure, followed by a gradual decline in kidney function, leading to ESRD. Risk factors for DKD include age, sex, race/ethnicity, family history of hyperglycemia and AKI. Recent studies have shown that certain medication classes, such as SGLT-2 inhibitors, can protect the kidneys independent of diabetes control. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of DKD, and its diagnosis is subjective due to the lack of a noninvasive biomarker. This makes it challenging to design clinical trials to identify effective treatments for the disease. Our review article aims to provide information on basic mechanisms of DKD, various treatment strategies and challenges by using personalized approaches to diagnosis and prevention.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124468393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disease acupuncture treatment in Bangladesh: A case study","authors":"SM. Shahidul Islam, Hui Hui Li, Sabina Yasmin","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Both sciatica and low back pain are common medical problems. The number of hours worked and the national economic loss will both go down as a result of these changes. Before beginning any sort of treatment, a thorough physical examination of these individuals is essential. A higher risk of this happening is associated with insufficient medical or surgical treatment, which may aggravate symptoms. The purpose of this study is to determine whether and how acupuncture enhances conventional PLID treatment. Methods: This inquiry took place at SUOXI Healthcare Limited in Shantinagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A 60-year-old female patient has been complaining of lower back discomfort for the last seven years. The diagnosis was confirmed with a MRI of lumbo sacral spine. Results: Positive findings emerged from further studies. It had been seven years since she had found relief from the pain in his lower back, but now she was pain-free. The results of this research suggest that acupuncture may be helpful for those with PLID.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116221996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse drug reactions in neonatal intensive care unit: Characteristics and risk factors","authors":"Mario Alberto Ramírez-Camacho, Landy Yuseline Canto-Rodríguez, Nery Jazhel Lara-Aké, Julio César Torres-Romero, Alberto Paulino González-Mateos","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0033","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in neonates can significantly affect expected clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of ADRs and identify the risk factors involved in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A prospective cohort study based on intensive pharmacovigilance was carried out in NICU of a public teaching hospital in the south of Mexico. Neonates admitted to the NICU who had between 1 and 90 days of age, with at least 24 hours of hospitalization, and a confirmed suspicion of ADRs were included. The prevalence and characteristics of ADRs were analyzed. Relative ratios (RR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the risk factors of ADRs (p˂0.05). 998 newborns were included, 109 ADRs were detected in 75 newborns, the cumulative incidence was 7.51% and the ADRs were mainly probable imputability and moderate severity. The therapeutic group most frequently related to the development of ADRs was anti-infectives for systemic use and the blood and lymphatic system was most affected by the ADRs. Identified risk factors were: female sex (RR 1.58; 95% CI 1.01-2.47), prematurity (RR 5.6; 95% CI 3.45-9.11), low birth weight (RR 2.52; 95% CI 1.63-3.91), length of hospitalization >15 days (RR 12.95; 95% CI 7.89-21.25) and drugs administered >5 (RR 5.92; 95% CI 2.6-13.48). These results should be considered and studied in greater depth, which will allow the prevention of the development of ADRs in this group of patients.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127688583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical evaluation of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poir fruit (Hypericaceae)","authors":"Onyinye Blessing Okonkwo, Joy Adaobi Okpalaugo, Emmanuel Okechukwu Ozougwu, Ozadheoghene Eriarie Afieroho, Kio Anthony Abo","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.2.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plant materials are being adulterated and substituted in commerce due to many reasons such as similar morphological features, same name as written in classical text, presence of similar active principles in the substituted plant which may badly affect the therapeutic activity of the finished products. As a result, authentication of medicinal plants is of paramount importance in ensuring quality and safety of crude drugs and herbal products. This research was aimed to evaluate and document the pharmacognostic standards for the fruits of Harungana madagascariensis. The plant sample was identified, collected and authenticated by a Taxonomist. Pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluation were carried out on the powdered fruits of Harungana madagascariensis using standard methods. The result showed the presence of starch grains, lignified tissues, cellulose, and proteins while calcium oxalate and mucilage were absent. The moisture content (8.8±0.02)%, total ash value (5.2±0.005)%, acid insoluble ash (2.5±0.0)%, water soluble ash (2.2±0.01) % and extractive value were obtained. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, ethanol and water soluble extractive values(3±0.00, 3.75±0.25, 4.50, 8.5±0.1, 6.25±0.25 %w/w respectively which were significantly different (at p set at 0.05). The revealed pharmacognostic features, physico-chemical and microscopy/chemomicroscopy properties of H. madagascariensis could be useful in the preparation of the herbal Pharmacopoeia.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123772568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoglobulin-M (IgM) antibody against cytomegalovirus among females of reproductive age in Buguma, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Iheanyi Omezuruike Okonko, Jennifer Chioma Okpala, Chisom Chimbundum Adim, Cynthia Chizoba Ogbuji, Blessing Jachinma Okonko","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Infection with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), particularly in pregnant women, can result in congenital abnormalities and is frequently linked to significant side effects such as microcephaly, mental retardation, deafness, and spastic paralysis. In the Buguma city of Rivers State, a cross-sectional study was conducted to ascertain the seroprevalence of HCMV infection and related risk factors among females of reproductive age. A structured questionnaire was given to 93 females in Buguma of reproductive age and matched for socio-demographic traits between December 2021 and January 2023. By venous puncture, five millilitres (5 ml) of blood were obtained, centrifuged, and plasma was collected. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, plasma was analyzed for the presence of HCMV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies (ELISA). SPSS Version 17 was used to analyze the data. There were 93 participants in all. The findings indicated that the highest proportions of participants were found in the age range of 31 to 40 years, the married (59.1%), those with tertiary education (64.5%), and business/traders (38.0%). Nineteen females (20.4%) tested positive for HCMV IgM antibodies. Compared to other age groups, the HCMV IgM age-specific seroprevalence was highest in people under 20 (25.0%) and closely followed by those in the 21–30 age range (23.3%). As people get older, HCMV infection rates decline. The frequency of HCMV IgM was higher in married people (21.8%) than in single people (18.4%). Compared to women with secondary education (12.1%), those with university education (25.0%) had a higher prevalence. Compared to other occupational groups, teachers had a higher frequency (33.3%). None of the patient demographic traits revealed a statistically significant correlation with HCMV serostatus. In the Nigerian town of Buguma, Rivers State, the investigation verified the existence of HCMV infections among females of reproductive age. The significant seroprevalence of anti-HCMV IgM antibodies in these females suggested recent virus exposure. This observation suggests that the virus is widespread in the research region. It is advised that routine CMV infection screening be adopted for all females of reproductive age across the state and the nation.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"304 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131926366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioassay and efficacy of clove flower stalk extract of Afo variety as a natural larvicidal","authors":"Dharmawaty M Taher, Syamsul Bahri, Ilham Majid, Sundari, Ningsi Saibi","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to test the larvicidal bioassay of clove stalk extract against Aedes aegypti on a laboratory scale and field scale efficacy test in a bath. Samples of sun-dried clove flower stalks were made into water extracts and coarse powder measuring 8-10 mesh for efficacy tests in the bath. The experimental method with a completely randomized design model was used to test the effectiveness of the larvicide, which consisted of two stages: The aqueous extract was tested against Ae. aegypti third instar larvae for three concentrations, namely 10%, 20%, and 30%, plus control treatment with three repetitions; observations were made at 30 minutes and 60 minutes after application to see the number of dead larvae as stage one. The second stage was the efficacy test in the bath which was carried out by inserting clove coarse powder in packs of 20 grams, 30 grams, and 40 grams, as well as the control treatment with five replicates, observed every day to see the time of emergence of mosquito larvae in a matter of days. The results of the first stage test showed an effect of the concentration of clove flower stalk extract on the mortality rate of the larvae, which was indicated by a positive relationship, where the mortality rate of the larvae reached 100% at 60 minutes after application. In comparison, the second stage test showed that there was an effect of clove flower stalk coarse powder on the time of larvae emergence, where the average time for larvae emergence was up to 8.8 days in the treatment of 40 g of clove flower stalk coarse powder, 1.83 times longer than the control (4 .8 days). Clove flower stalk extract is effective as a larvicidal mosquito Ae. aegypti.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127181623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemistry and synthetic methodologies of chalcones and their derivatives: A review","authors":"Praveen Sekar, Shridharshini Kumar, Senthil Kumar Raju","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the presence of keto ethylenic moiety, CO-CH=CH-, the chalcones and their derivatives are considered valuable moieties in the field of heterocyclic and synthetic organic chemistry. Chalcones and their derivatives have a wide range of antiproliferative, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antileishmanial and antimalarial pharmacological activities because they contain a reactive α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group. Chalcones are also isolated from natural resources, especially from Piper methysticum as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. These derivatives are synthesized by using various conventional and greener approaches by employing different means of reactions, frequently by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. In this review, information on the various synthetic methodologies, various approaches and techniques for the synthesis of chalcones and their derivatives are described. Thus, it will be useful to design and develop new novel drug-like candidates in the field of medicine.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122924442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of In-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extracts of Bombax insigne (Sw.) K. Schum on Swiss albino Rat","authors":"Md. Ataur Rahman, Runa Masuma, Arpon Krishna Bala, Md. Al Foyjul Islam, Md. Shohel Hossain","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Medicinal plants are frequently used in traditional medicine and about 80% peoples of developing countries use this traditional therapy to treat their ailments. Bombax insigne (Sw.). K. Shcum is a large deciduous tree, locally known as Bon or Pahari shimul or Tula gachh. The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic extract of B. insigne fresh bark. In-vivo antioxidant activity tests were performed by determining the lipid peroxidation and catalase concentration of the homogenized liver of Swiss albino rats receiving two doses (1.5 and 3 gm/kg body weight) of the plant extract with 750 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol. For liver function tests (LFT), total 35 rats were taken and divided into five groups containing seven animals in each. Group I received distilled water; group II received only paracetamol. Group III received paracetamol with silymarin. Group IV and V both were treated with paracetamol along with two doses of B. insigne extract. To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential, seven liver test markers such as total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) of rats were considered. Test’s result for antioxidant activity demonstrated that the plant extract could inhibit the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced by paracetamol. Enhancement of the level of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) was also observed. Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, as judged by the raised total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, serum enzymes, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, were significantly prevented by the treatment with the extracts at different doses, demonstrating the hepatoprotective action of B. insigne. Histopathological observation also confirmed the hepatoprotective potential of B. insigne. Livers those were challenged with paracetamol exhibits the dishevelment of normal hepatic cells with centrilobular necrosis, inflammatory encroachment of lymphocytes and fatty changes were significantly protected by plant extract. The results of the present study suggested that B. insigne has antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115540569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the physicochemical profile and effects of papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) on glycaemia, triglyceridaemia and cholesterolaemia in Swiss albino mice","authors":"Diomande Masse, Yeo Mohamed Anderson, Combo Agnan Marie Michel","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0024","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical properties and the effect of papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) on glycaemia, triglyceridaemia and cholesterolaemia in mice with a view to their valorization in health nutrition. To do this, the papaya seeds were dried at different temperatures (50 °C/72h; 75 °C/48h and 105 °C/24h) in an oven and then ground with a blender to obtain a flour. Five (5) experimental rations were formulated from the papaya seeds dried at 75 °C in the oven for 48 hours. The rations were LT, L1, L2, L3 and L4, with papaya seed incorporation rates of 0%, 25%, 40%, 50% and 57% respectively. Consumed by Swiss albino mice. On the 60th day of the study, the blood of the mice was collected in heparinised tubes which were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min. The plasma obtained was assayed for biochemical parameters including glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol at a private clinical biochemistry laboratory. The results revealed that for the physicochemical parameters, the seeds dried at 50°C had a better pH (6.67) which tends towards neutrality, a low fat content (5%), the highest protein content (32%) and a higher fibre content (17.9%). It could therefore be said that 50°C is the appropriate temperature for parameters such as pH, fibre, protein and fat. On the other hand, the temperature of 105 °C would be the most suitable for parameters such as dry matter (92.17%), carbohydrate content (41.12%) and energy value (334.6 Kcal). On the other hand, the temperature of 75 °C gave the highest ash content (7.80%). Furthermore, the results relating to the biochemical blood parameters of the mice showed that blood sugar levels varied from 1.38 to 1.90 g/L while triglyceride levels varied from 1.10 to 2.82 g/L. Cholesterol levels ranged from 1.41 to 1.85 g/L for total cholesterol, from 0.46 to 1.47 g/L for HDL and from 1.48 to 11.44 g/L for LDL. We could deduce from this work that papaya seeds have a hyperglycemic action. These seeds would increase total, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels when incorporated into the diets of mice at increasing rates. On the other hand, papaya seeds decreased the triglyceride levels of mice that consumed them.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128399533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh","authors":"Badsha Miah, Shila Veronica Corranya, Monjur Hossain, Nazma Begum, Biroti Rani, Suraia Akter, Sabina Ieasmin, Kawsar Alam, Momtaz Begum","doi":"10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2023.5.1.0104","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nosocomial infections, otherwise known as Hospital-acquired infections, are infections that are not present or incubating when the person is admitted to a healthcare facility (WHO, 1988). In other words, infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admissions or 30 days after discharge (Wikipedia 2007). Hospital-acquired or Nosocomial infection is the result of the transmission of pathogenic organisms to a previously un-infected patient from a source in a hospital's environment. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in developed countries is much lower than in developing countries, and studies show it is 15.5 per 100 patients in Europe and USA. In Intensive care units, the prevalence rate was 48 per 1000 patients. The most common infection was surgical site infection, which was 5.6 per 100 surgical procedures. Nosocomial infection significantly impacts the health of hundreds of millions of people and is considered a major global issue today by all stakeholders (Basson, 2006). Objective: The aim was to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh. Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study design was used. A 120 sample size that was purposive sampling followed those who met the inclusion criteria to assess the knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire and a self-report method composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice-based information on nosocomial infection. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that the majority of the 55% were between 31-40 years, 91% were female, 96% were Muslim, and 63% were a Diploma in nursing in professional education. Regarding nurses’ knowledge, an average of 40% had a moderate knowledge of nosocomial infection. It is expected that the study will provide a better understanding of the uses of contraceptive methods. Conclusion: it is clear that nosocomial infections are a significant problem for both developed and developing countries. To achieve good health for every patient in the hospital, it is essential for all nurses to have a moderate level of nurse’s knowledge on nosocomial infections and to practice standard protocols so that the spread of infection in any healthcare setting can be minimized. However, the nosocomial infection does not create a significant problem if maintained adequate aseptic precautions during any procedure. Senior staff Nurses, as a part of the health care team, play an essential role in providing care to both infectious and non-infectious patients in the same ward.","PeriodicalId":400966,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129439661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}