American journal of disaster medicine最新文献

{"title":"Management of emergency department diversion during the COVID-19 pandemic and disaster periods.","authors":"Michael Steflovich","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2022.0448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2022.0448","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent news has shown the strain on hospital emergency departments (EDs) and emergency medical services agencies due to the surge of COVID-19; however, compared to all emergency medical service transports, is it true that the United States is seeing an increase in the frequency of diversions? In this quantitative research report, data were collected and analyzed from a national prehospital emergency medical services information system, which allowed for a comparison of the frequency of diverted ambulances, transport times, and final patient acuity of patients arriving by diverted ambulances before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System to compare the frequency of ambulance diversion prior to the COVID-19 disaster and during COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Analysis of data obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System found that there was not a significant increase in the percentage of ambulance transports that were diverted during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic. However, there were significant increases in the volume of all transports and diverted transports during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.01 for both measures).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The significant increases seen in the demand for services, combined with an overall downward trend in the number of healthcare facilities, have resulted in an increase in the volume of diversions, despite the overall demand increasing as well. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a disaster/public health crisis that is subject to the same phases compared to other types of disasters. The significant findings of this report should provide the emergency services field a big picture, understanding that the problem at hand is multifaceted, with these findings shining light on the effects of current issues between emergency services and hospital EDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":"17 4","pages":"327-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9945804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disasters on campus: A cross-sectional survey of college EMS systems' preparedness to respond to mass casualty incidents.","authors":"Matthew A Tovar, Catherine H Zwemer, Christopher M Wend, Andrew C Meltzer, Babak Sarani, James P Phillips","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0411","DOIUrl":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to assess the training and readiness levels of Collegiate Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers to respond to mass casualty incidents (MCIs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An anonymous cross-sectional survey of Collegiate EMS providers was performed.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Participants were US-based EMS providers affiliated with the National Collegiate Emergency Medical Services Foundation.</p><p><strong>Outcome measures: </strong>The main outcome measures were levels of EMS experience and MCI training, subjective readiness levels for responding to various MCI scenarios, and analyzing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on MCI response capabilities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Respondents had a median age of 21 years (interquartile range IQR 20, 22), with 86 percent (n = 96/112) being trained to the Emergency Medical Technician-Basic level. Providers reported participating in an average of 1.6 MCI trainings over the last four years (IQR, 1.0, 2.2). Subjective MCI response readiness levels were highest with active assailant attacks followed by large event evacuations, natural disasters, hazardous material (HAZMAT) incidents, targeted automobile ramming attacks, explosions, and finally bioweapons release. Disparate to this, only 18 percent of participants reported training in the fundamentals of tactical and disaster medicine. With respect to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on MCI readiness, 27 percent of respondents reported being less prepared, and there was a statistically significant decrease in subjective readiness to respond to HAZMAT incidents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given low rates of MCI training but high rates of self-assessed MCI preparedness, respondents may overestimate their readiness to adequately respond to the complexity of a real-world MCI. More objective assessment measures are needed to evaluate provider preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":" ","pages":"271-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40320895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disaster and public health emergency health data collection and management: A scoping review.","authors":"Alissa J Mitchell, Tatsuhiko Kubo, Alexander H Chang, Odgerel Chimed Ochir, Anthony Salerno, Yui Yumiya, Daniel J Barnett, Katsumi Nakase, Edbert B Hsu","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2022.0443","DOIUrl":"10.5055/ajdm.2022.0443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Minimum Data Set (MDS) to provide a structured, data-based approach to health data collection and management during disasters and public health emergencies. Given recent creation of the EMT MDS, we conducted a scoping review to gauge current practices surrounding health data collection and sharing in emergent settings.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>An English-based scoping review of PubMed and Embase databases of publications before June 28, 2021.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>The review aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the WHO-standardized health data collection systems in the context of disasters and public health emergencies; characterize best practices regarding implementation of an MDS to improve health data collection capacity in differing settings; and highlight internationally accepted, standardized tools or methods for setting up essential public health data for disaster response.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 8,038 citations from PubMed and Embase were imported into Covidence with 46 duplicates removed. Among these, 7,992 citations underwent title screening and abstract review, with 161 articles proceeding to full-text article review where an additional 109 articles were excluded. Fifty-two citations were included in final data abstraction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings revealed a range of critical operational, structural, and functional insights of relevance to implementation of the EMT MDS. The literature identified facilitators and barriers to collecting and storing disaster-based datasets, gaps in standardization of data collection resulting in poor data quality during the transition from the acute to post-acute phase, and best practices in the collection of EMT MDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":"17 4","pages":"277-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9951675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of interventions for noncommunicable diseases in humanitarian emergencies in low- and middle-income countries.","authors":"Rebecca Leff, Anand Selvam, Robyn Bernstein, Lydia Wallace, Alison Hayward, Pooja Agrawal, Denise Hersey, Christine Ngaruiya","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0412","DOIUrl":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are of increasing prevalence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), affected by disasters. Humanitarian actors are increasingly confronted with how to effectively manage NCDs, yet primary focus on this topic is lacking. We conducted a systematic review on the effects of disasters on NCDs in LMICs. Key interventions were identified, and their effects on populations in disaster settings were reviewed.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We electronically searched Medline, PubMed, Global Health, and Social Science Citation Index. We followed standard systematic review methodology for the selection, data abstraction, and risk of bias assessment. Eligible articles incorporated core intervention components as defined by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Key intervention components including target population, phase of crisis, and measured outcomes were extracted and synthesized using a thematic analysis approach. The full systematic review is registered at PROSPERO (CRD42018088769).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 4,430 identified citations, we identified seven eligible studies. Studies reported on the response (n = 4) and recovery (n = 3) phases of disaster, with no studies reporting on the mitigation or preparedness phases. Successful interventions conducted predeployment risk assessments, performed training and capacity building for healthcare workers, worked in close cooperation with local health services, evaluated individual needs of subpopulations, promoted task shifting between humanitarian and development actors, and adopted flexibility in guideline -implementation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review highlights the limited quantity and quality of evidence on interventions designed to address NCDs in humanitarian emergencies, with a particular paucity of studies addressing the mitigation and preparedness phases of disaster. While several challenges to NCD management such as insecurity and fluid movement of refugees create inherent challenges to NCD management in disasters, the lack of knowledge and training in NCD management among healthcare providers and the absence of basic medications and supplies for NCD management highlighted in this review are amenable to further intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":" ","pages":"297-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40320896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earthquake response in Chile: A case study in health emergency and disaster risk management.","authors":"Alexander Hart, Álvaro Mardones Rodríguez, José Retamal Carvajal, Gregory R Ciottone","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0413","DOIUrl":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chile is one of the most seismically active nations in the world. Due to the frequency of earthquakes, the Chilean government has invested heavily in several earthquake mitigation strategies and is able to boast impressively low numbers of deaths after relatively strong earthquakes. These include earthquake-centered building codes, which help prevent collapses, early detection technologies, early warning systems, public awareness campaigns, and unified command of responding agencies. Disaster risk management is a field in need of more evidence-based recommendations, and taking cues from successful programs such as these is vital to decrease global deaths. There is still room for improvement. Individual frontline responders have sought out further training specific to earthquakes, and the frequency of earthquakes in the country has led to impressive institutional knowledge. However, there needs to be more universal, standardized response training. Additionally, although all responders are brought under one umbrella during a disaster, there is a lack of coordinated training, with most responder training occurring in silos. Further investment in preparedness, and a strong focus on mitigation and prevention of disasters is vital across a number of disasters. Fast onset disasters like earthquakes are especially amenable to mitigation strategies such as those in place in Chile.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":" ","pages":"313-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40319330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ophthalmology emergency room admission after Hurricane Harvey.","authors":"Cina Karimaghaei, Kevin Merkley, Hossein Nazari","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0409","DOIUrl":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the pattern of ophthalmic emergencies after Hurricane Harvey (HH).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective chart review.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, Texas.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Patients who presented to UTMB emergency room (ER) during the month before (47 patients) and the month after (39 patients) HH landfall and were seen by the ophthalmology service.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Ocular injuries before and after hurricane landfall were classified by duration of symptoms (acute, subacute, and chronic), type of injury (hurricane related, traumatic, and infectious), region of injury (corneal/anterior segment, glaucoma, vitreoretinal, orbital-oculoplastic, and neuro-ophthalmologic), and level of involvement of injury (limited to eye, a manifestation of systemic disease, and associated with other bodily injuries).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patient demographics were similar before and after the storm. Three direct hurricane-related injuries from rescue and cleanup activities were identified. Only patients with acute/subacute ophthalmic injuries presented after HH. A trend for more traumatic injuries (from 28 to 41 percent of patients), corneal/anterior segment injuries (from 38 to 46 percent of patients), and vitreoretinal injuries (from 17 to 23 percent of patients) was observed after HH. A greater proportion of patients presented with localized injuries limited to the eye (from 49 to 56 percent of patients). Fewer patients had ocular manifestations of systemic disease (from 38 to 31 percent of patients) after HH. None of the changing trends reached statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The low incidence of hurricane-related injuries was likely due to victims' evacuation to surrounding nonimpacted areas and limited access to ER facilities within the affected area. ERs and eye care professionals should be prepared for future environmental disasters.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":" ","pages":"255-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40320893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in prehospital hemorrhagic shock management since Paris' terrorist attacks in 2015: A before-and-after retrospective study.","authors":"Christophe Thiery, Daniel Jost, Isabelle Klein, Frédérique Dufour-Gaume, Olivier Stibbe, Bertrand Prunet","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0408","DOIUrl":"10.5055/ajdm.2021.0408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In France, in 2015, prehospital emergency doctors were faced with civilian casualties in hemorrhagic shock resulting from terrorist attacks with automatic rifle fire and explosive weapons. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of these attacks on the advanced life support (ALS) team's practices and equipment and on physician training in the prehospital management of traumatic hemorrhagic shock.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This before-and-after multicenter study evaluated professional practices based on a questionnaire sent to emergency department heads and medical practitioners in 370 ALS teams in metropolitan France.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analyzed 672 responses from 209 (56.5 percent) ALS teams in 91 of 95 emergency medical services (EMS) headquarters. Of these 91, 73 (80.2 percent) had a protocol in use for managing traumatic hemorrhagic shock after the attacks, compared with 45 (49.5 percent) who had protocols in use before the attacks (p < 0.001). Ultrasound equipment was available in 49 (53.8 percent) of the EMS headquarters after the attacks, compared to 39 (42.9 percent) before (p < 0.001). Limb tourniquets were available in 90 (98.9 percent) EMS headquarters after the attacks, versus 27 (29.7 percent) before (p < 0.001). Tranexamic acid was available in 88 (96.7 percent) EMS headquarters after the attacks, versus 71 (78 percent) before (p < 0.001). During the post-attack period, training in war medicine did not affect individual practices, neither for using the shock index or the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) nor the tourniquet. However, this training was associated with more frequent use of hemostatic dressings (p = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Following the attacks in Paris and Nice, ALS teams received additional equipment and training to prepare for future mass causality events.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":" ","pages":"247-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40320892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fear of COVID-19 among nonsmokers and smokers/former smokers: Implications for health promotion practice.","authors":"Blake T Hilton,&nbsp;Brandt J Wiskur,&nbsp;Michael W Brand,&nbsp;Julio I Rojas,&nbsp;Raina D Leckie,&nbsp;Maria Trapp,&nbsp;Katrin Gaardbo Kuhn","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2022.0446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2022.0446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fear of COVID-19 may differ for individuals with compromised health and those with unhealthy behaviors, placing them at greater risk. Based on previous analysis of academic medical center faculty and staff, the authors predicted that workers who were smokers/previous smokers would express the greater fear of COVID-19 relative to nonsmokers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study used the Fear of COVID-19 Scale to assess fear among nonsmokers (n = 1,489) and smokers/previous smokers (n = 272) from a larger population of academic medical center members (N = 1,761). This study assessed nonsmokers' and smokers/previous smokers' demographic and background variables on Fear of COVID-19 scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this academic community, smokers/previous smokers had higher fear of COVID-19 scores than did nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Smokers/previous smokers differed from nonsmokers on three Fear of COVID-19 scale items (most afraid of COVID-19, fear of losing life, and physiological fear of COVID-19).</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusions: </strong>These results provide a better understanding of how fear of COVID-19 can differ based on one's smoking status. These findings inform public health smoking cessation efforts aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality, both in response and secondary to COVID-19 exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":"17 4","pages":"313-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9945805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital COVID-19 preparedness: Are (were) we ready?","authors":"Mei Zhao,&nbsp;Hanadi Y Hamadi,&nbsp;D Rob Haley,&nbsp;Jing Xu,&nbsp;Ajani Aj Dunn,&nbsp;Aaron Spaulding","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2022.0449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2022.0449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Terrorist attacks and natural disasters such as Hurricanes Katrina and Harvey have increased focus on disaster preparedness planning. Despite the attention on planning, many studies have found that hospitals in the United States are underprepared to manage extended disasters appropriately and the surge in patient volume it might bring.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aims to profile and examine the availability of hospital capacity specifically related to COVID-19 patients, such as emergency department (ED) beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds, temporary space setup, and ventilators.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional retrospective study design was used to examine secondary data from the 2020 American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey. A series of multivariate logistic analyses were conducted to investigate the strength of association between changes in ED beds, ICU beds, staffed beds, and temporary spaces setup, and the 3,655 hospitals' characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results highlight that the odds of a change in ED beds are 44 percent lower for government hospitals and 54 percent for for-profit hospitals than not-for-profit hospitals. The odds of ED bed change for nonteaching hospitals were 34 percent lower compared to teaching hospitals. Small and medium hospitals have significantly lower odds (75 and 51 percent, respectively) than large hospitals. For ICU bed change, staffed bed change, and temporary spaces setup, the conclusions were consistently significant regarding the impact of hospital ownership, teaching status, and hospital size. However, temporary spaces setup differs by hospital location. The odds of change is significantly lower (OR = 0.71) in urban hospitals compared with rural hospitals, while for ED beds, the odds of change is considerably higher (OR = 1.57) in urban hospitals compared to rural hospitals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a need for policymakers to consider not only resource limitations that were created from supply line disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic but also a more global assessment of the adequacy of funding and support for insurance coverage, hospital finance, and how hospitals meet the needs of the populations they serve.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":"17 4","pages":"341-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9945806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of the Global Surgical and Medical Support Group (GSMSG) activities in Ukraine.","authors":"Aaron Epstein,&nbsp;Francesca Voza,&nbsp;Enrique Ginzburg","doi":"10.5055/ajdm.2022.0442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2022.0442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Targeting of healthcare infrastructures in Ukraine has served as a tactical warfare strategy. The goal of the Global Surgical and Medical Support Group (GSMSG) is to provide sustainable, high quality medical and surgical care in war zones.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>GSMSG deployed United States (US) Special Operations veterans and highly specialized licensed medical experts. Training of Ukrainian civilians was implemented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over 20,000 Ukrainians trained and over 100 major surgeries performed with assistance of world experts. Specialized medical equipment was also provided.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GSMSG lays the groundwork for effective, high quality, and sustainable surgical interventions into a nation in conflict.</p>","PeriodicalId":40040,"journal":{"name":"American journal of disaster medicine","volume":"17 4","pages":"273-276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9951677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}