{"title":"Disinformation in International Relations: How Important Is It?","authors":"A. Gerrits","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901007","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the relevance of disinformation in international relations. It discusses the nature of information manipulation, ways to counter disinformation, and possibilities for international organizations, including the osce, to initiate confidence-building measures. The article suggests that although disinformation becomes an increasingly salient aspect of global politics, its security impact should not be overstated. As in domestic politics, international disinformation parasites on existing divisions and concerns, which it exploits rather than creates. This should not be trivialized. Disinformation is disruptive and it further deteriorates the overall international context. But as yet it is not a significant security challenge, and it does not change the international balance of power.","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48759349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42295062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation","authors":"K. Kertysova","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901005","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the challenges and opportunities presented by advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of information operations. The article first examines the ways in which AI can be used to counter disinformation online. It then dives into some of the limitations of AI solutions and threats associated with AI techniques, namely user profiling, micro-targeting, and deep fakes. Finally, the paper reviews a number of solutions that could help address the spread of AI-powered disinformation and improve the online environment. The article recognises that in the fight against disinformation, there is no single fix. The next wave of disinformation calls first and foremost for societal resilience.","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49396913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"De stille diplomaat; Max van der Stoel 1924–2011, written by Anet Bleich","authors":"A. Bloed","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44119349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disinformation in Elections","authors":"M. Bader","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901006","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there has been increasing attention to the potentially disruptive influence of disinformation on elections. The most common forms of disinformation in elections include the dissemination of ‘fake news’ in order to discredit opponents or to influence the voting process, the falsification or manipulation of polling data, and the use of fake election monitoring and observation. This article presents an overview of the phenomenon of disinformation in elections in both democratic and undemocratic environments, and discusses measures to reduce its scope and negative impact.","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45166671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Foreign Terrorist Fighters”: A Human Rights Approach?","authors":"H. Duffy","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901010","url":null,"abstract":"This article reflects on the proliferation of responses to the so-called phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters,” and the profound human rights challenges they give rise to. It considers national, regional and international developments, many spurred by an activist Security Council, through which expanded powers have been assumed and rights restricted by reference to the need to respond to ftf threats. A series of uncomfortable relationships emerge from this analysis. They include for example tensions: between the evolving and still relatively superficial understanding of the nature and source of uncertain threats and contributing factors on the one hand, and the onerous and far-reaching nature of responses directed against them on the other; between the expansive use of coercive measures including criminal law, and basic constraining principles of criminal law upon which its legitimacy and power depends, such as individual culpability, harm principle and remoteness; or between the original purposes of most ftf measures and their impact in practice, on the operation of humanitarian law, on humanitarian workers and human rights defenders, and on the rule of law. Exceptional ftf measures continue to spread their reach and creep into other areas of security and organised crime. The article highlights the need to consider the short and long term impact, on the full range of rights of many, of the array of administrative, criminal and other measures being passed into law and implemented in practice across the globe in the name of responding to the ill-defined phenomenon of “ftfs”.","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48398672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Refining United Nations Security Council Targeted Sanctions","authors":"N. Jayakody","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02901003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901003","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations Security Council’s targeted sanctions seek to protect global peace and security. The majority of these sanctions are imposed on individuals deemed to be a terror threat and include measures such as asset freezes and travel bans. These measures can impede, inter alia, the right to private life and freedom of movement of targeted individuals. While it is accepted that certain rights can be restricted for the protection of public security, restrictions must be proportional under international human rights law. Given that UN sanctions regimes have come under scrutiny in recent years for their lack of procedural safeguards and disproportionate restrictions on fundamental rights, this article argues that proportionality based reasoning should be included in sanctions committees’ substantive decision-making processes. Other procedural safeguards should also be incorporated by UN sanctions committees. This would help ensure that sanctions are more measured and minimise impairment of human rights.","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02901003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46411172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Digital Unfitness of Mutual Legal Assistance","authors":"E. Busser","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02801008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02801008","url":null,"abstract":"Any crime could generate digital evidence. That is a reality law enforcement authorities across the world need to face. The volatile and “unterritorial” nature of the evidence means that international cooperation in criminal matters is confronted with new questions. One of these questions is whether the traditional cooperation mechanism, mutual legal assistance, is a viable way of working. Due to its time-consuming and cumbersome functioning combined with the lack of a faster alternative, countries have developed unilateral and extraterritorial methods of evidence gathering. This paper zooms in on this development and the risks it entails.","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":"28 1","pages":"161-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02801008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45431247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Breakdown of State-building: From the Nation to Radicalisation: The Security Aspects of Exclusion and Identity Formation","authors":"P. Knoope, Saré Knoope","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02801001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02801001","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to explore the nexus between exclusionary state-building practices, inter-ethnic relations and Violent Extremism and Radicalisation that Lead to Terrorism (verlt). The current focus on individual trajectories has left the social context in which individuals radicalise underexplored. By taking a birds-eye view, this article aims to untangle the ways in which particular historic conditions and perceptions of discrimination and marginalisation following state-building practices feed specifically into the radicalisation of minority communities. Following a comparison between state-building practices in Turkey, China and Spain and the impact on Kurdish, Uyghur and Basque identity construction respectively, the authors argue that the failure to include minority groups into the identity of the state is one of the key reasons for the politicisation of minority identities. This implies the need for inclusionary policies as a response to verlt. It is exactly through the promotion, facilitation and execution of inclusive policies that the osce can make an important","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":"28 1","pages":"145-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02801001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43174940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"osce vs. Transnational Threats: Past, Present, Future, written by Alexey Lyzhenkov","authors":"A. Bloed","doi":"10.1163/18750230-02801003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02801003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39991,"journal":{"name":"Security and Human Rights","volume":"28 1","pages":"215-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18750230-02801003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44950070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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