Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology最新文献

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A Systematic Review of the Routine Removal of Syndesmosis Screws in Traumatic Ankle Fractures 外伤性踝关节骨折常规取下韧带联合螺钉的系统综述
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-09-08 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1113
Shaunak S, A. N, S. S
{"title":"A Systematic Review of the Routine Removal of Syndesmosis Screws in Traumatic Ankle Fractures","authors":"Shaunak S, A. N, S. S","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1113","url":null,"abstract":"The ankle syndesmosis is a critical structure, conferring a great degree of stability to the ankle mortise comprising part of a complex framework of ligaments responsible for 90% of the resistance to lateral displacement of the fibula [1]. The components of the syndesmosis are the Anterior-Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament (AITFL), Posterior- Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament (PITFL), Transverse Tibiofibular Ligament (TTFL) and Interosseous Ligament (IOL). With approximately one in seven ankle fractures associated with a syndesmotic injury it is a common pattern [2]. The injury itself is most often found intra-operatively after stable fixation of malleolar fractures, indicated by persistent instability. This instability is often dealt with through the use of a bridging syndesmotic screw which restores the ankle mortise, confers stability but leaves the original syndesmotic injury relatively untouched.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123690519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What is Missing in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis Including the Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic? 包括SARS-CoV-2大流行的影响在内,骨质疏松症的诊断和治疗还缺少什么?
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1112
Pietrzyk Bz
{"title":"What is Missing in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis Including the Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic?","authors":"Pietrzyk Bz","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1112","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoporosis is a civilization disease characterized by an increased risk of bone fractures as a result of progressive bone loss. The diagnosis of osteoporosis and the assessment of fracture risk are based on a medical examination, imaging diagnostics and laboratory tests. Identifying people at risk is a priority in preventive treatment, and people with already diagnosed osteoporosis require proper treatment. Osteoporotic fractures are the main cause of disability and thus a significant deterioration in the quality of life of patients, which is why the goals of osteoporosis treatment include the prevention of low-energy fractures and the overall improvement of the quality of life. Therefore, a long-term medical care strategy should be planned according to the individual risk of fracture for each patient. This article is an analysis of selected aspects of the principles of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in osteoporosis, which due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, were partially or completely omitted, or it was not possible to implement them properly.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127721857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tibial Tubercule Avulsion Fracture in Child Soccer Player: A Conservative Approach 儿童足球运动员胫骨结核性撕脱骨折的保守治疗
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1111
Rosado D, Gálvez Aranda D, Mondragón R, Medina Porqueres I
{"title":"Tibial Tubercule Avulsion Fracture in Child Soccer Player: A Conservative Approach","authors":"Rosado D, Gálvez Aranda D, Mondragón R, Medina Porqueres I","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1111","url":null,"abstract":"Tibial Tubercle Avulsion Fracture (TTAF) is an uncommon disease. They are usually found during childhood-adolescent age and described as non-traumatic fractures during running with direct physis affection. In order to avoid growth complications, which would lead to harmful consequences for the patient, an accurate diagnosis following a solid treatment has to be carried out. We describe a case report of a 12-year-old football player boy with a tibial tuberosity avulsion following a conservative treatment. Pharmacological treatment and a rehabilitation program was prescribed with a satisfactory evolution. Even though one of the physician consulted suggested open reduction and internal fixation, the medical staff for his team decided a more conservative approach which came out as an adequate management for this case. After a two years follow up the evolution was successful and the player was able to perform every football specific activity pain free and without any kind of limitation.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123704412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metal Tension-Band Wires vs Tension-Band Sutures in the Fixation of Olecranon Fractures: A Systematic Review 金属张力带钢丝与张力带缝合线固定鹰嘴骨折:系统回顾
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-07-28 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1110
Shaunak R, D. a., Sinha V, R. S, Clay R, Ramji S, Shaunak S
{"title":"Metal Tension-Band Wires vs Tension-Band Sutures in the Fixation of Olecranon Fractures: A Systematic Review","authors":"Shaunak R, D. a., Sinha V, R. S, Clay R, Ramji S, Shaunak S","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1110","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tension-Band Wiring (TBW) is the treatment of choice for displaced, non-comminuted olecranon fractures. Due to the high complication rate involved with TBW, particularly the need for re-operative hardware removal, an alternate method using a high-strength, non-metallic Tension-Band Suture (TBS) construct has been precipitated. There is currently no literature comparing and evaluating these 2 particular techniques, therefore, this systematic review aims to address this. Methods: 6 databases were searched (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, The CRD and Clinicaltrials.gov). Titles, abstracts and full articles were then systematically screened against the eligibility criteria. The primary outcomes studied were reported postoperative functional outcomes, and complication rates. Results: From 2538 identified abstracts, 5 studies met our eligibility criteria. Only one study compared TBW with TBS and concluded that in paediatric patients, there is a lack of benefit from TBS due to a similar rate of reoperation for hardware removal. 4 studies solely analysed TBW. In TBW, the rate of reoperation reached as high as 76.5% with the need for hardware removal being the most common indication. Conclusion: This review was required to highlight the alarming paucity of studies analysing TBS fixation in the treatment of non-comminuted olecranon fractures. Based on the included studies, it is difficult to conclude an advantage for either TBW or TBS due to the lack of standardised measuring of functional outcomes and comparative studies. There is potential for a reduced rate of reoperation in TBS, however, there is a great need for more robust studies analysing this technique.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124768977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lipomas of the Hand: Rare Location, About 4 Cases and Review of the Literature 手部脂肪瘤:罕见部位,约4例并文献复习
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-03-19 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1109
Mokhchani Y, Rabbah A, Fahl M, C. B, Boussouga M
{"title":"Lipomas of the Hand: Rare Location, About 4 Cases and Review of the Literature","authors":"Mokhchani Y, Rabbah A, Fahl M, C. B, Boussouga M","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1109","url":null,"abstract":"Lipoma is a benign mesenchymal tumor that develops in abundant areas of fatty tissue. Its location in the hand is rare. The first lipoma of the hand was described by Stein in 1959. The targeted localizations in the hands concern the thenar and hypothenar eminences, more rarely digital localizations. The clinical symptomatology varies according to the location, with progressively increasing size leading to a hold on the mobility of the fingers and a risk of neurological complications. Ultrasound or better Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is necessary for diagnosis. The anatomopathological study is essential to confirm the histological nature and eliminate a malignant tumor. Surgical excision remains the treatment of choice for lipomas. Postoperative evolution is generally favorable without local recurrence and with restoration of neurological signs.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125372020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Epidemiological Pattern of Fracture Clinic Attendances 新冠肺炎疫情对骨折门诊就诊流行病学格局的影响
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-03-05 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1108
Hession E, F. R., Amin A
{"title":"The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Epidemiological Pattern of Fracture Clinic Attendances","authors":"Hession E, F. R., Amin A","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1108","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The Covid 19 pandemic has had enormous impacts on healthcare and orthopaedic services globally. The aim of our study was to assess the impact that the covid 19 pandemic has had on the epidemiological pattern of outpatient fractures clinic attendances. Methods: An observational retrospective study was performed looking at epidemiology of fractures seen at our fracture clinics during a three-month period of level 5 restrictions of the covid 19 pandemic and the equivalent period pre pandemic. Data pertaining to demographics, aetiology and fracture types are presented. Results: Patient attendances decreased from 117 in the ‘non-covid era’ to 77 in the ‘covid era’ with a total of 109 and 77 fractures identified respectively. Patients were mostly female with a median age of 55. National lockdown measures impacted the mechanism of injury with expected decreases in sporting injuries. The most common fracture types involved the carpus and hand, foot and ankle and malleoli with the proportion of distal forearm fractures increasing in the covid era. Conclusion: Fracture clinic presentations decreased during the covid era with a higher proportion of fragility fractures. This data may raise awareness regarding the effect of lockdown on an orthopaedic outpatient service for resource allocation for potential future waves.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130092384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Projectile Injury Near the Brachial Plexus 臂丛附近的弹射伤
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-01-05 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1107
Boussaidane M, B. J, C. B, Benchebba D, Boussouga M
{"title":"Projectile Injury Near the Brachial Plexus","authors":"Boussaidane M, B. J, C. B, Benchebba D, Boussouga M","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1107","url":null,"abstract":"We report the case of a young 36-year-old rider with no notable pathological history, victim of an explosion from the fire fighting (black powder chamber) of his rifle when firing during the celebrations of TBOURIDA (ancient equestrian art, dating from the 15th century It is an equestrian representation which simulates a succession of military parades, reconstituted according to ancestral Arab-Amazigh conventions and rituals), Causing the departure of projectile (percussion lock); with impact point on the front of the right shoulder. The examination at the emergency room admission 30 minutes from the accident found a conscious patient, stable hemodynamic state, normal breathing, the inspection objected a wound of 15mm in diameter at the level of the right deltopectoral groove, without an opening exit (Figure 1). The vasculo-nervous examination of the right upper limb was normal. The standard x-ray showed the presence of a foreign body between the glenohumeral joint and the rib cage (Figure 2), the chest CT scan with injection of the contrast product revealed the foreign body located one centimeter from the axillary artery, without lung lesions (Figure 3).","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116517897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mirrored Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Around the Knee 膝关节周围镜像动脉瘤样骨囊肿
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2022-01-05 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1106
Boussaidane M, B. J, C. B, Benchebba D, Boussouga M
{"title":"Mirrored Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Around the Knee","authors":"Boussaidane M, B. J, C. B, Benchebba D, Boussouga M","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2022.1106","url":null,"abstract":"The aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign pseudotumor that often arises off the center of the long bones metaphysis and which as it grows can blow out the bone. The most widespread etiopathogenic theory is that of a reaction process to a venous malformation but the neoplastic theory is currently being discussed since the discovery of the translocation t (16; 17) (q22; p13) which is recurrent in primary aneurysmal cysts. We report here the case of a 26-year-old patient without medical history, who consults for pain in the right knee with partial functional impairment. The radiological assessment showed an osteolytic mirror image at the metaphyseal level of the lower end of the femur and the upper end of the tibia with thinned cortices exposing the high risk of fracture (Figure 1). A biopsy made confirms the diagnosis of the aneurysmal cyst. The patient underwent curettage with bone grafting.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128930929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extensor Mechanism-Sparing Technique for Management of Proximal Tibia Sarcoma Resection: A Case Series Study 保留伸肌机制技术治疗胫骨近端肉瘤切除术:病例系列研究
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2021.1105
Fazioli F, R. C, Colella G, Gallo M, D. F
{"title":"Extensor Mechanism-Sparing Technique for Management of Proximal Tibia Sarcoma Resection: A Case Series Study","authors":"Fazioli F, R. C, Colella G, Gallo M, D. F","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2021.1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2021.1105","url":null,"abstract":"The proximal tibia is one of the most challenging anatomic sites for resection of large bone tumors, due to the vicinity of the extensor mechanism. Here, we report outcomes of a novel radical resection technique which preserves the extensor apparatus. 8 patients were operated between 2001 and 2011 for large sarcomas with high-grade tibial localization. Six were giant cell tumor of bone histology (GCTB; defined as severe bone destruction and soft tissue extension) and two chrondrosarcoma at surgical grade G1, but with double localization in tibia and femur. Primary bone tumors and recurrences were treated with novel multiplanar resection technique avoiding removal of the tibial tuberosity and the patella tendon insertion, preserving extensor mechanism. In all cases, curettage and borage were not indicated due to extensive lesion size. Radical resection of the lower extremity (2 femurs and 8 tibias) yielded wide margins (R0) and patients were evaluated at 10 years of follow up. The average post operative Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score was 26.87 points (range: 23-29). All patients reached full passive and active extension and the maximum active flexion was 108.75° (range: 90°-120°). At the last follow-up (mean: 121.8 months), all patients and implants survived; no local infection, recurrence, metastasis, or relevant complications occurred. This surgical technique therefore appears to provide a safe treatment option when wide surgical margins are possible, and preserving the integrity of the extensor mechanism may improve the clinical outcome.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133134191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clinical Feasibility of Personalized Articulating Knee Joint Distraction 个性化关节牵拉术的临床可行性
Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2021.1104
Struik T, Custers Rjh, Besselink Nj, Jaspers Jen, Marijnissen Aka, Lafeber Fpjg, Mastbergen Sc
{"title":"Clinical Feasibility of Personalized Articulating Knee Joint Distraction","authors":"Struik T, Custers Rjh, Besselink Nj, Jaspers Jen, Marijnissen Aka, Lafeber Fpjg, Mastbergen Sc","doi":"10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2021.1104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjorthopaderheumatol.2021.1104","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Knee Joint Distraction (KJD) is a joint preserving procedure that can postpone arthroplasty in case of knee osteoarthritis. Distraction is applied with an external rigid fixation device for six weeks. To reduce the burden during treatment due to the absence of joint flexion, we developed a personalized articulating KJD-device. Its technical feasibility, joint-specific motion reproduction, was previously pre-clinically demonstrated. In this study, clinical feasibility of this new device was tested in three patients. Materials and Methods: Patients received conventional KJD treatment with a rigid distraction device. After two to four weeks, the device was removed during a one-day hospital visit and the joint was flexed on a Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) device until 30 degrees of flexion was reached, or motion became too painful. Subsequently, the articulating frame was assembled and personalized with custom hinge parts based on a non-invasive joint motion measurement. Weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing radiographs were intended to be taken at 0, 15, and 30 degrees of flexion for joint space width measurements. Finally, the articulating device was replaced by the rigid distractor and conventional treatment was continued. Results: For none of the patients, the articulating distractor could be personalized adequately. Insufficient joint motion was achieved during CPM due to intolerable pain at the pin sites. Conclusions: Despite confirmation of joint-specific articulating distraction on cadaveric legs, clinical feasibility could not be demonstrated, mainly due to painful motion of soft tissues along the bone pins. Safe and solid anatomical location of pins is considered to hamper articulating distraction.","PeriodicalId":399704,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Orthopedics & Rheumatology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130360271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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