Journal of Information Ethics最新文献

Diversity Matters: Economic Inequality and Policymaking During a Pandemic 多样性问题:大流行期间的经济不平等和政策制定

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/JIE.30.1.5

M. Winston

{"title":"Diversity Matters: Economic Inequality and Policymaking During a Pandemic","authors":"M. Winston","doi":"10.2307/JIE.30.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/JIE.30.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of economic inequality considers issues of both income inequality and gaps in wealth. The economic prosperity of recent years is said to have benefited most groups, with those earning lower wages benefiting the most. A few key research findings characterize the level of disparity in income and wealth between the poor and low wage workers and others. Reportedly, \"only 0.1% of US minimum Wage Workers Can Afford a 1-Bedroom Apartment\" 'in any US state without being what the government calls \"burdened\". The research also indicates that those earning the lowest wages are also in the most tenuous situations economically. These are individuals who are among the \"Millions of Americans [Who] Are One Missed Paycheck Away from Poverty\". In addition, the wealth gap in the US is substantial and growing. A special Report published in The Economist, entitled \"The Rich, the Poor and the Growing Gap Between Them,\" noted that \"The gap between rich and poor is bigger than in any other advanced country\". And while wealth inequality is evidenced around the world, as a growing problem, a substantial portion of the research indicates that the US is a rare example in which upward mobility is declining.","PeriodicalId":39913,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Ethics","volume":"30 1","pages":"5-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68897010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Survival Guide to the Misinformation Age: Scientific Habits of Mind 错误信息时代的生存指南：科学思维习惯

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.197107

R. Hauptman

引用次数: 9

Intellectual Privacy: Rethinking Civil Liberties in the Digital Age 知识隐私：数字时代公民自由的再思考

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2017-10-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.190970

K. Kritikos

引用次数: 35

Hate Crimes in Cyberspace 网络仇恨犯罪

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.187841

J. Dilevko

{"title":"Hate Crimes in Cyberspace","authors":"J. Dilevko","doi":"10.5860/choice.187841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.187841","url":null,"abstract":"Hate Crimes in Cyberspace Danielle Keats Citron. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014. 343 pp. $29.95In \"The Guardian,\" a story in P.G. Wodehouse's Tales of Wrykyn and Elsewhere, Tom Shearne, a boy of perhaps eleven or twelve, is sent off to a public school for the first time.1 Another boy, Spencer, a veteran of the school and the son of a relative of a friend of Tom's mother, is asked to keep an eye on Tom - to see that he acculturates in his new milieu. But Spencer, caught up in the whirlwind of school activities, is too busy with his own pursuits to mentor Tom, who quickly develops a reputation as a mean-spirited dispenser of caustic and hurtful comments. With no one paying much attention to him, Tom convinces himself that his insults are not only innocuous, but also a sign of a rapier wit. However, when his harangues become too denigrating, when he dunks an unsuspecting victim in the school's pool, Spencer emerges from his state of general indifference and challenges Tom to a boxing match. In his next letter home, a bruised and chastened Tom writes that he finally understands what school life is all about. Fellow students are surprised at the sudden change in Tom's demeanor, and Spencer receives a message from Tom's father thanking him for acculturating his son into the ways of the world, as well as a gift of ten shillings.The lessons contained in Wodehouse's story have startling relevance to Danielle Keats Citron's Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Through detailed consideration of the travails of three women subjected to online abuse - a tech blogger, a law student, and an individual dealing with revenge-porn onslaughts- Citron convincingly shows that cyber harassment, defined as \"the intentional infliction of substantial emotional distress accomplished by online speech that is persistent enough to amount to a 'course of conduct' rather than an isolated incident,\" has \"a totalizing and devastating impact\" on victims' lives, not only jeopardizing their \"professional reputations and careers,\" but also \"discouraging] on- and offline pursuits, disrupting] both crucial and ordinary life choices, and caus[ing] physical and emotional harm.\" Yet despite the \"tangible economic, social, and political costs\" of the subordination perpetrated by cyber harassment, prevailing social attitudes minimize its effect on victims, approximately seventy percent of whom are women: complainants are labeled as overly sensitive; their concerns are trivialized; and they are told that inhibiting online discourse could have negative consequences for First Amendment free-speech rights (pp. 3, 22, 29).It therefore goes without saying that social attitudes regarding the innocuousness of cyber harassment must undergo profound change, especially on the part of employers, who would do well to examine the benefits of adopting the Finnish practice of prohibiting the use of the Internet \"to research potential or current employees without first getting their approval.\" It also goes","PeriodicalId":39913,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43082189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 206

We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s 《我们相信孩子:20世纪80年代的道德恐慌

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.195712

D. Henige

{"title":"We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s","authors":"D. Henige","doi":"10.5860/choice.195712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.195712","url":null,"abstract":"We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s Richard Beck. New York: PublicAffairs, 2015. 323 pp. $26.99Mention the term \"witch-hunt\" in American history and the replies would probably be mixed. Some might name the eponymous witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts in 1693, while others might think first of Joseph McCarthy's increasingly desperate - and increasingly embarrassing - search for phantom Communists in the federal government. Yet others might remember the short but violent pursuit of everyone purportedly connected with John Wilkes Booth or any of numerous other possibilities.These are decent examples, but in fact the worst witch-hunt in American history actually occurred barely thirty years ago, although it seems already to have been lost in the mists of time, and while no deaths directly ensued, scores of lives were scarred in various ruinous ways on the basis of woefully deficient evidence and argument. This was the \"recovered memory therapy\" or \"false memory syndrome\" craze which effloresced in the mid-1980s, did its dirty work, and largely, but only largely, faded away just a few years later. But in this brief period it managed to do untold damage to lives of scores of innocent parties that continues to this day. A few professions did suffer some temporary damage to their reputations, but quickly regained their credibility, neither wiser nor weaker for their experience. Richard Beck's We Believe the Children treats this sad episode and its continuing repercussions.It all began in the summer of 1983, when the mother of a child in a day care center in Manhattan Beach, California, thought she saw evidence of physical abuse and reported it to the authorities.1 Immediately after this incident became public, operators of day care centers and other custodial arrangements such as foster homes around the country fairly quickly came under mindless and evidence-free bombardment from all sides. All sides, that is, except the children themselves, of which more later. All this means that the wisdom of hindsight is hardly necessary to recognize the willful malice with which the accusers operated. It could not have been unnoticed at the time.Law enforcement officials and social-worker types quickly became involved, and various parents' groups formed to root out what they often referred to, collectively and incendiarily as \"satanic practices,\" and which, they asserted, were rampant, virtually ubiquitous, despite the almost complete absence of physical evidence or precedent cases. It truly became a virulent epidemic. Day-care providers were arrested without any regard for due process, habeas corpus, or probable cause. Most were ultimately- usually rather quickly in fact - prosecuted and in most cases convicted. The conditions under which authorities operated were recognizably Guantanamo-esque.And the evidence? Well, that turned out to be the \"testimony\" of children aged as young as two. Almost without exception this testimony was neither freely s","PeriodicalId":39913,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43888381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Lessons in Censorship: How School and Courts Subvert Students’ First Amendment Rights 审查的教训：学校和法院如何颠覆学生的第一修正案权利

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.195213

D. Henige

{"title":"Lessons in Censorship: How School and Courts Subvert Students’ First Amendment Rights","authors":"D. Henige","doi":"10.5860/choice.195213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.195213","url":null,"abstract":"Lessons in Censorship: How School and Courts Subvert Students’ First Amendment Rights Catherine J. Ross. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press, 2015. 356pp. $39.95\"Censorship,\" like \"prohibition,\" is a word that takes on whole new meanings simply by being upper-cased. Deliberately denying access to information has a long, long history, extending back to at least the fifteenth-century BCE, when Hatshepsut's successors unsuccessfully tried to excise all evidence of her reign. And today, more than ever, we need not look very far to encounter multifarious efforts to debar access to ideas or information. Television blackouts of sports events that do not sell out, extortionate admission prices to such events, as well as to theatrical and musical performances, and the prohibitive costs of post-secondary education come readily to mind. Although not quite as overt as the classical examples of censorship, these practices are no less effective.No surprise, \"religious\" organizations have invariably been in the vanguard of censorship. Every religion has its priesthood, through which information is filtered to the lesser classes. The Israelites had a temple in which to stow information, which was accessible only to a chosen few. In their turn, Christians produced their scriptures only in Latin and Greek until the fifteenth century, if not into the twenty-first. To keep communicants on the straight and narrow, the Roman Catholic church published twenty editions of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum between 1559 and 1966 and established the National Legion of Decency in 1933 to assist in helping its membership know which movies to abjure. Now extinct, the two enterprises stand as precursors of today's movements detailed in this work.Catherine Ross is a law professor at George Washington University and in Lessons in Censorship she offers a tour d'horizon of the relevant landscape over the past forty years or so. In her coverage, approach, and expression she is unapologetically legalistic. Her focus is unwaveringly on the American experience and largely as it relates to high schools and universities. After a few pages dedicated to the first half of the twentieth century, Censorship plunges into the hectic 1960s, with only glancing references to earlier events later on.Ross's principal argument is that today's schools and legislative systems- including the judiciary-constantly defy the Constitution by limiting students' right to free speech. She addresses numerous examples of this, many approaching the absurd, with which readers will be familiar through the generally negative press coverage they attract. Perhaps one reason to celebrate free speech while at the same time palling it, would be for teachers to insist that students exhibiting words or actions for or against points of view be expected to develop an argument supporting their case within a short period of time and submit it to classmates and others, thereby engendering debate and enhancing accountability.Cen","PeriodicalId":39913,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Ethics","volume":"26 1","pages":"139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46643776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It 《好奇:求知的欲望以及为什么你的未来取决于此

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.187174

D. Henige

引用次数: 30

Democracy's Double- Edged Sword: How Internet Use Changes Citizens' Views of Their Government 民主的双刃剑:互联网的使用如何改变公民对政府的看法

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2016-04-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.187756

Judy Anderson

引用次数: 35

The Harm in Hate Speech 仇恨言论的危害

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2014-10-01 DOI: 10.5860/choice.50-2361

Lane Wilkinson

{"title":"The Harm in Hate Speech","authors":"Lane Wilkinson","doi":"10.5860/choice.50-2361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-2361","url":null,"abstract":"The Harm in Hate Speech Jeremy Waldron. Cambridge: Harvard, 2012. 292 pp. $26.95On February 28, 2013, demonstrators from the Westboro Baptist Church descended into New York's tranquil Hudson Valley to spread their singular message of hate. In West Point, at the funeral of General Norman Schwarzkopf, church members protested the military's decision of \"letting fags openly taut [sic] their perversion in the military.\"1 Later that same day, upriver in Poughkeepsie, the same group picketed at Vassar College on the grounds that the elite school was a \"filthy institution ... wholly given over to the fag agenda.\"2 Replete with homophobic slurs emblazoned across picket signs and outnumbered by the angered cries of counter-protestors, the Westboro Baptist trip through the mid-Hudson region was virtually indistinguishable from similar hate-filled events turned back by loud opposition. By day's end, church members were retreating back to Kansas and Vassar students had raised over $100,000 for the Trevor Project, an organization providing suicide prevention services for gay, lesbian, and transgendered teens (Staino, 2013).Just to the north, in Ottawa, Ontario, something quite different was transpiring as the Supreme Court of Canada issued a ruling in the matter of Saskatchewan v. Whatcott. Incensed by the Saskatoon Public School Board's decision to promote a \"less homophobic environment for students\" (Sodomites & lesbians, 2001 ). William Whatcott took to distributing anti-LGBT pamphlets claiming, among other things, that \"[o]ur children will pay the price in disease, death, abuse and ultimately eternal judgement [sic] if we do not say no to the sodomite desire to socialize your children into accepting something that is clearly wrong\" (Saskatchewan v. Whatcott, 2012). On February 27, just as Westboro Baptist vans were caravanning through the Catskills some 350 miles away, the Ottawa court upheld in part the right of the Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission to levy punitive fines of $17,500 (CAD) against Whatcott, arguing that \"the protection of vulnerable groups from the harmful effect emanating from hate speech is of such importance as to justify the minimal infringement of expression.\"Neither William Whatcott nor the members of the Westboro Baptist Church are shy about their desires to vilify non-heterosexual relationships. Indeed, their respective pamphlets and placards are largely interchangeable. Yet while the money raised for the Trevor Project was certainly impressive, the Hudson Valley protests and counter-protests themselves were largely unremarkable and scarcely covered in the American media. Whatcott's case, on the other hand, was a cause celebre in Canada and a ringing victory for hate speech legislation. How is it that these two countries-so similar in cultural, political, and moral outlook-can differ so radically on hate speech?It is precisely this problem that motivates Jeremy Waldron's Harm in Hate Speech: Why is it that the United States is ","PeriodicalId":39913,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Ethics","volume":"23 1","pages":"86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71140420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diversity: An Ethical Question with Competing Rationales 多样性:一个具有竞争性基本原理的伦理问题

Journal of Information Ethics Pub Date : 2014-04-01 DOI: 10.3172/JIE.23.1.83

M. Winston

引用次数: 3