Gabriel Garbanzo-León , Bryan Alemán-Montes , Alfredo Alvarado-Hernández , Carlos Henríquez-Henríquez
{"title":"Validación de modelos geoestadísticos y convencionales en la determinación de la variación espacial de la fertilidad de suelos del Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica","authors":"Gabriel Garbanzo-León , Bryan Alemán-Montes , Alfredo Alvarado-Hernández , Carlos Henríquez-Henríquez","doi":"10.14350/rig.54706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.54706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study validates geo-statistical and conventional models for a soil fertility data set of the South Pacific agricultural lands in the coastal plains of Costa Rica. A metha-analysis was conducted and a best adjustment semivariogram employed to allow using Kriging interpolation. Statistical analysis included frequency distribution, means estimates, correlations and principal components analysis (CP). Values of selected variables were interpolated by ordinary Kriging following four consecutive validation types: field validation, cross validation, errors calculated for each interpolation of validations, subtraction of errors from original data observations, generation of a new field validation, and subsequent cross validation. Interpolations results were analyzed using error absolute average (PAE), error mean square (PCE), prediction affectivity (E) and determination (r2). The data set included soil available information of the counties Corredores, Golfito and Osa previously planted to oil palm, rice, forest and few other crops (named “cultivos varios”). Soils are mainly of alluvial origin in lower positions but with a little more development in the distal part of the hillsides, to include mainly Inceptisols, Ultisols, Entisols and a few Andisols. Variables investigated include pH, exchangeable acidity, Ca, Mg, K, P, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. Results shows high variation coefficients mainly for exchangeable acidity and availability of Mg, K, P, Zn, Cu Fe y Mn. Frequency analysis demonstrated abnormal distributions for all elements and tendencies between 25 and 75 percentiles however but normal for pH values. Mean values of variables by crops showed higher numbers under rice plantations pH (6.0), Ca (26.8 cmol (+) L<sup>-1</sup>), Mg (10.6 cmol (+) L<sup>-1</sup>) and Mn (34.2<!--> <!-->mg L<sup>-1</sup>). Values for oil palm plantations were significantly higher (α = 005) for exchangeable acidity (0.5 cmol (+) L<sup>-1</sup>), K (0.8 cmol (+) L<sup>-1</sup>), P (13.1<!--> <!-->mg L<sup>-1</sup>), Zn (2.8<!--> <!-->mg L<sup>-1</sup>) y Fe (99.8<!--> <!-->mg L<sup>-1</sup>). Spearman correlation analysis found proportional relationships between Ca, Mg, and K and inverse proportional correlation between pH y exchangeable acidity and soil available K and P. Other crops (“cultivos varios”) showed highly variable intermediate values. CP analysis explained 60.8% of nutrients variability in the study area with a relation between forest and other crops among CP1 and CP2 dimensions, probably related to the behavior of K and P under oil palm pH in rice fields. A relationship was also found among dimensions CP2 and CP3 for Fe and Cu under oil palm and pH under other crops. It was determined that soil acidity, pH and availability of Mg and K were strongly related to the nutritional management practices of the different crops and that of Ca particularly to the soil genesis on calcareous materials. Nutrients interpolation validation determined that PAE, PCE, E ","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 93","pages":"Pages 20-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.54706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92352882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geografía del cáncer de mama en México","authors":"María del Rocío Castrezana Campos","doi":"10.14350/rig.56879","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.56879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research was aimed at locating and mapping the geographical regions where the cases of breast cancer among the female population of Mexico have been most prevalent, analyzing the predominant geographic factors and establishing if the relationship between these and the different environmental aspects may be conditioning the presence and development of this neoplasm. The delimitation was based primarily on the analysis of the temporal evolution of mortality and morbidity rates of this disease since 2000, by state, which allowed the identification of twelve entities that sustained the highest rates throughout twelve years, as well as the municipalities where the most relevant data of this disease were recorded during that period. Likewise, the twelve states with the lowest rates were delimited in this respect, to review which municipalities of these states presented the most significant mortality and morbidity data and to review in the subsequent analysis, the coincidences or divergences presented by both antagonistic spaces. In total, one hundred twenty municipalities were selected for the analysis of environmental factors that have been identified in various sources as potential sources of risk in the development of breast cancer. The variables analyzed are: contaminated surface waters, contaminated soils, contaminated groundwater, polluting industries and air pollution from thermoelectric plants and how they have been spatially and statistically expressed in the target municipalities. The methodology was based on the analysis of the spatial behavior of the variables indicated and was complemented with the application of the multiple regression models in the target or occurrence municipalities. Considering the statistical data of breast cancer and the selected variables, the relationship resulted positive in three variables: industries, contaminated groundwater and contaminated soils.</p><p>Some of the most relevant results were: First, according with the indicators currently used by the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) regarding the severely contaminated water surface: five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (DQO) and The total suspended solids (SST), coincided the presence of them in seventy-four of the target municipalities that equal 61.6%. Second, by analyzing the COD index separately, as it shows contamination by industrial discharges and agricultural activity, it turned out that eighty-six sites (74%) contaminated with this indicator of a total of 116 points recorded by CONAGUA are located in the Municipalities. Concerning the presence of groundwater (aquifers) contaminated mainly with nitrates in concentrations greater than 45 mg / l; in the counts of spatial analysis, it is observed that in seventy-five of the target municipalities (65%), this variable is present. Another relevant result was to review the location of thermoelectric plants generating electric energy that run on fuels that affect ai","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 93","pages":"Pages 140-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56879","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117084331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zenia María Saavedra Díaz , María Perevochtchikova
{"title":"Evaluación ambiental integrada de áreas inscritas en el programa federal de Pago por Servicios Ambientales Hidrológicos. Caso de estudio: Ajusco, México","authors":"Zenia María Saavedra Díaz , María Perevochtchikova","doi":"10.14350/rig.56437","DOIUrl":"10.14350/rig.56437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the specific problem of deforestation on an international level, they have created compensation mechanisms for ecosystem services, which have recently been increasing interest in the academic and government sectors, however, a lack of information on their potential effects is detected, especially from the aspects of integrative approach and spatial. Therefore, this work presents the case study of the community of San Miguel and Santo Tomas Ajusco, located on the suburbs of México City, because the community has participated in the federal program payments for hydrological environmental services (<span>phes</span>) since 2004. Based on the construction of longitudinal profiles (which are incorporated thematic geographic information layers) we analyzed if there is correspondence between the potential of ecosystem services and enrolled in the program areas. In addition, the effectiveness of the program regarding deforestation detected in the area was observed. For the profiling, it is noticed the exercise of combining the different layers selected for analysis, forming a two-dimensional model that allows us to appreciate the altitudinal gradient of the area with its biophysical components (vegetation and land use, soil science, geology and landforms highlights) with information environmental Services (ES). This facilitates the analysis of all these variables and has the advantage that it can be adapted to the number of variables we have, since they must only be incorporated to the profile (with pretreatment data).</p><p>The profiles helped to identify whether registered in the <span>phes</span> program areas correspond to the most important areas for the provision of environmental services; however, a complementary work was developed consisting of a map which would bring together the most important areas for the contribution of <span>es</span>; This was generated by applying the statistical model of Jenks’ Natural Breaks “(which allows to discriminate classes by the similarity of values that compose them), in the layers of ES that it had (potential infiltration, carbon stock in forests, surface runoff and provision of habitat), establishing quantitative 5 for each category. The criterion model allow standardize classes; therefore, quantitative categories were matched to (very low, low, medium, high and very high) qualitative categories. Then the “high” and “very high” categories were selected and merged into a map with software tools Arc. <span>map</span> 10.1. denominating as “high priority areas for ecosystem services”.</p><p>ES mapping was deployed with <span>phes</span> polygons and correspondence between sites on <span>phes</span> and areas with greatest potential for ES (except for an area of 236.7 hectares) was found. However, in many cases, the highest values of <span>es</span> not correspond to water resources, as they are more associated with vegetation and biodiversity (carbon stock in forestsand provision of habitat), which","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 93","pages":"Pages 76-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.56437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129713033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"El componente visual en la cartografía del paisaje. Aptitud paisajística para la protección en la cuenca del río Chiquito (Morelia, Michoacán)","authors":"Iván Franch-Pardo , Luis Cancer-Pomar","doi":"10.14350/rig.54730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.54730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the main concept of landscape are two. The first is the definition that the Dictionary of the Royal Academy of Language provides: “part of a territory that can be observed from a certain place”, where it can be seen that the main verb which supports the definition is observe, it is, making use of the sense of sight. The second meaning is the one proposed by The European Landscape Convention. “ any part of the territory as it is perceived by the population whose character will be the action and the interaction of natural and/or humans”. The definition (taken by <span>unesco</span> or la Carta Mexicana del Paisaje) it relates nature and culture and concern the way and the environment where people live. It also integrates attributes such as territory, citizen's perceptions and the historical character, genetic and dynamic. This explicit mention of perception blends with the visual component in the landscape that we are discussing.</p><p>This work tackles the visual treatment in the cartography landscape, revises the previous epistemological records of the subject and dedicates one section to those referred to Mexico, a country barely familiar with this type of analysis despite its abundant production in applied studies of landscape and interesting theoretical- conceptual contributions.</p><p>In order to incorporate visual landscape studies in Mexican territorial management policies, it has been selected an indirect and quantitative method that analyzes the landscape on the basis of the various elements that compose it and breaking down it according to criteria that try to be objective.</p><p>This has an important key: the modernization of the visual variable in the landscape. When we refer to this, it is mentioned the analysis executed on a territory related to its possibilities to be observed and to set down those spaces that are more seen than others, which areas are more visually understandable; definitely</p><p>Visibility to the territorial studies.</p><p>Although the utility of the visibility maps covers various lines of research and application, it is in landscape studies with purposes to the territorial planning where it has had the most development and acceptance from the scientific point of view.</p><p>In search of these reflections, the article focuses on the applied case analysis of the landscapes of the basin of the Chiquito river (Morelia, Michoacán).</p><p>The phases of this study are: A) Delimitation of the landscape visual units according to the function of the concept “visual basin”, those territorial units where the following landscapes analysis will be developed. B) Establishment of the different kinds of landscapes, known as the result of the biotic and abiotic elements combination that put together the landscape, without to taking into account if they are natural or anthropic. C) Anthropic visibility studies, both intrinsic (according to the topographic determinant) and visual accessibility (according to th","PeriodicalId":39866,"journal":{"name":"Investigaciones Geograficas","volume":"2017 93","pages":"Pages 42-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.14350/rig.54730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92352881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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