Journal of Bacteriology and Virology最新文献

{"title":"In vitro Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir Against SARS-CoV-2 and its Variants","authors":"A. Nowakowska, Hanul Choi, Kihoon Park, Jinha Kim, Y. Jang, J. Chu, Y. B. Kim, H. Lee","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.4.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.4.149","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a public health emergency of international concern;thus, it is important to not only develop drugs for treating COVID-19 but also develop a method for evaluating the therapeutic effect based on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. To test the antiviral activity of a drug against COVID-19, in this study, we established and compared experimental conditions, such as the treatment time and mode of action (dose) of the therapeutic substance, and a test method to evaluate its effectiveness. We optimized an assay for testing antiviral activity by plaque reduction, tissue culture infectious dose 50, and quantitative RT-PCR. These methods were applied to test the antiviral efficacy of the therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral activity testing using in vitro assays against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants was assessed by measuring plaque-reducing or cytopathic effects in Vero-E6 cells. The in vitro assay was validated by evaluating the antiviral activity of remdesivir. Remdesivir reduced SARS-CoV-2 titer without detectable cytotoxicity and successfully inhibited viral replication in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we suggest this in vitro assay as an effective method for testing the antiviral activity for a potential repurposed drug against COVID-19 or rapid screening of therapeutic candidates. Copyright © 2022 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43778121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Epidemiological Study of Measles Cases in Gyeonggi Province","authors":"Baek-Sang Han, Su-Kyong Moon, Sin-Hee Park, Kyong-Shin Ryu, Eun-Bee Kim","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.4.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.4.137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44304956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity and Viral Distribution of Wild Type Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Its Cell Culture Adapted Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus","authors":"Heejin Ham","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.120","url":null,"abstract":"Swine enteritis in all ages is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE), rotavirus, Eimeria spp . etc., and is often fatal among neonatal piglets. This study aimed to compare the pathogenicity and nucleotide sequence of ORF3 between wild-type porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (wt-PEDV) and cell culture-adapted PEDV (ca-PEDV). A total of 30 colostrum-deprived piglets that were 1 day old were inoculated with either wt-PEDV or ca-PEDV the wt-PEDV-infected piglets at 24, 36, and 60 h post-inoculation. The nucleotide sequences of wt-PEDV and ca-PEDV were nearly identical (98.7% homology); nucleotide substitutions were noted in ORF3 that caused some amino acid changes. Statistically significant differences were observed in the pathogenicity of ca-PEDV compared with its parental wt-PEDV; ORF3 nucleotide changes were identified in ca-PEDV that possibly influenced PEDV pathogenicity. Statistical analysis of the mean positive scores of the jejunal tissues revealed significant differences in the amount of PEDV nucleic acid between wt-PEDV and ca-PEDV. ISH positive results in piglets orally infected with the Korean strain of PEDV jejunal villus Villus atrophy and fusion were characteristic lesions induced by PEDV in this study. The degree of morphologic changes observed in the small intestines varied depending on the time after inoculation. There was a corresponding increase in the severity of diarrhea and dehydration of the infected piglets, which began as the villus height gradually decreased. Morphometry confirmed a significant reduction in villus height in the jejunum at 60 hpi. Both wt-PEDV- and ca-PEDV-infected enterocytes replicated within them, causing necrosis and sloughing. There were differences between the two viruses in the severity of damage to the small intestines and the amount of infection. The mean VH/CD ratios were more significantly reduced in the jejunum of wt-PEDV-inoculated piglets than in that of ca-PEDV-inoculated piglets at 36 hpi. The low rate of enterocyte loss in ca-PEDV-inoculated piglets could be the result of the inability of the virus to sufficiently infect enterocytes, or it could be because the process of virus replication did not rapidly lead to sloughing of the infected enterocytes. There is evidence that both mechanisms are contributory. The amount of PEDV nucleic acid indicated that ca-PEDV-infected fewer enterocytes and replicated slower than wt-PEDV in the early stage of infection. These results suggested that ORF3 gene alteration may cause a slower ca-PEDV replication in the enterocytes compared with wt-PEDV. Statistically significant differences were observed in the ca-PEDV pathogenicity compared with its parental wt-PEDV. The mechanisms responsible for the different degrees of pathogenicity between wt-PEDV and ca-PEDV are not understood. Nucleotide changes in ORF3 were identified in ca-PEDV, which possibly influence PEDV pathogenicity. These results indicate that in ","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41638868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Infectious Respiratory Agents in Thoroughbred Race Horses at the Seoul Race Park, Republic of Korea","authors":"Sang-kyu Lee, Andrew Stephen Waller, D. Park","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.128","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious respiratory disease is one of the most frequent causes of lost days in training and reduced performance of Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine influenza virus (EIV), Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4), equine rhinitis virus A (ERAV) and B (ERBV), and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi ( S. equi ) are important infectious agents of the respiratory tract of horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of EHV-1, EHV-4, ERAV, ERBV, and S. equi and to measure EIV antibody levels of Thoroughbred racehorses at Seoul Race Park (SRP), Republic of Korea. All horses had previously been vaccinated against EIV and S. equi , but not against any of the other pathogens that were tested. A total of 94 serum samples, which were collected from race participants at the SRP were tested using the single radial haemolysis (SRH) test for EIV (H3N8), the complement-fixation (CF) test for EHV-1, EHV-4, ERAV, ERBV and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for S. equi . Serum samples from seventy eight out of 94 horses (83%) generated zones of over 85 mm 2 in the SRH test, which classified them as clinically protected against EIV (H3N8). The most sero-prevalent agent detected was EHV-4 (30.9%, 29/94), followed by EHV-1 (9.6%, 9/94), S. equi (2.1%, 2/94), ERAV (1.1%, 1/94) and ERBV (1.1%, 1/94). All horses showed no visual clinical signs. The present study showed that the seroprevalence of infectious respiratory agents was relatively low and provides evidence of low risk of respiratory infectious agents in Thoroughbred race horses at SRP. the SRP of management horse EIV, EHV-1, ERAV, ERBV, S. equi be by direct horse-to-horse contact aerosolized of secretions (17-19). of EIV, EHV-1, can severe and economic damage to the (20). important for the possible and of at respiratory disease, including nasal discharge, coughing and pyrexia. An examination for lameness was also conducted for all horses and only clinically healthy horses were allowed to participate in races. Only physically sound horses without signs of infectious respiratory disease were included in this study. Serum was separated by centrifugation, heat treated at 56°C for 30 minutes and stored at -20°C until use. The race results on race days were investigated. The race results were divided dual antigen A & C iELISA test was performed using the commercial Strangles ELISA kit (AHT-SEE-1/3/5, AHT, UK) as described by the manufacturer and Robinson et al . in 2013 (11). The normalized mean OD 450nm value ≥ 0.5 was classed as positive. Antibodies against H3N8 strain A/eq/Richmond/1/2007 cultured was measured using the SRH test according to the OIE terrestrial manual 2019 (4). Briefly, virus was coupled to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with chromium chloride. Agarose plates were made with the sensitized SRBCs and guinea pig complement. Ten microlitres of 56°C heat-inactivated serum was aliquoted into 3 mm wells on the plate and incubated at 34°C for 20-24 hours. Contr","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46779129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Ambient Particulate Matter on the Skin’s Immune System","authors":"A. Rehman, Young‐Sang Koh","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.083","url":null,"abstract":"Skin is the outermost layer of the human body. The main functions of the skin include protecting the body from external harm, maintaining homeostasis, sensory perception, and thermoregulation. The skin contains many immune cells that participate both in innate and adaptive immunity. Proper skin function is disrupted when exposed to harmful environmental pollutants, such as airborne particulate matter, which aggravates the severity of skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Air pollution kills approximately five million individuals annually, and the death rate continues to rise. Many studies have been conducted regarding the role of particulate matter in the respiratory system. In contrast, there is minimal data available on the impact of particulate matter on the skin’s immune system. However, there is more information available in recent years; for instance, PM exposure impairs skin barrier function by activating different inflammatory pathways, dysregulates T cell differentiation, activates NLRP3 inflammasome, and induces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Therefore, this review assiduously discusses the impact of ambient particulate matter on the skin’s immune system. effector homeostasis TLRs triggers signaling via MyD88 and downstream molecules, which leads to nuclear translocation of NF-κB, where it binds to the promoter region of interleukins, including IL-6. In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome is also activated on PM exposure. Consequently, there is increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion, including IL-1β, which leads to skin inflammation. AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; AP-1, activator protein 1; DC, dendritic cell; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LC, Langerhans cell; MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; PM, particulate matter; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Th, T helper cell type; TLR, toll-like receptor; Treg, regulatory T cell. cascades, unbalancing T cell differentiation, triggering NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. However, future research should focus on mechanistic investigations by using cell-based and animal models to understand how PM adversely affects skin’s immune system. This endeavour will demand for solving human health issues by PM exposure. Overall, this review will broaden our knowledge and help develop better strategies to manage human health challenges associated with PM.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42918836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey on Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients","authors":"Hye-Yeoun Lee, So-Hyun Lee, Woon-Ho Kim, Mi-young Seo, Hak Kim, Ji-Hye Park","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.115","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a blood-borne viral disease, weakens the immune system and causes opportunistic infections or cancers, which can eventually lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Generally antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV infected patients reduces morbidity and mortality, but also increases the risk of liver disease in patients coinfected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV), previously known as the leading cause of death from HIV infection. In this study, HIV positive-sera were investigated seroprevalence of HBV and HCV which were requested for HIV test from 2020 to 2021. Of the total 232 samples, there are 184 cases (79.1%) in hospital, 33 cases (14.2%) in public health center, 6 cases (2.6%) in correctional institution and 2 cases (0.9%) in the military manpower administration. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 13 cases (5.6%) and hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) in 16 cases (6.9%) and also both in 4 cases (1.7%) of 232 samples. The results of HBsAg and hepatitis B virus core antibody (anti-HBc) for 107 samples were anti-HBc positive in 36 cases (35.6%) and HBsAg positive in 4 cases (1.7%). The results confirmed that coinfection with HBV and HCV was more common in HIV infected people than in the general population in Korea. These findings from this study were provided as fundamental data for HIV infection prevention and ART therapy selection.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Carbapenemase- Producing Enterobacteriaceae Gene Distribution in Ulsan, Korea, 2018~2021","authors":"B. Kim, Young-Kyung Jo, Gyeong-Nam Kim, Jung-Yun Hwang, Mi-Yeon Hong, Won-Dug Seo, S. Hwang","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.103","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted on the incidence of CRE infection and CPE gene distribution in Ulsan to prepare basic data for preventing the spread of CRE infection by confirming the regional characteristics of CRE infection. The results of the CRE infection test from 2018 to 2021 conducted by the Ulsan Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment in accordance with the experimental method of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency’s SOP on CRE infection test were analyzed for the study. Through the analysis, it was confirmed that the positive rate of ‘CRE or CPE’ in the samples surveyed increased from 92.83% in 2018 to 97.62% in 2021. In the analyzed ‘CRE (including CP-CRE)’ samples, Ertapenem resistance was the most common at 94.34%, Imipenem resistance 65.37%, Meropenem resistance 63.34%, and Doripenem resistance 52.70%. Regarding the average distribution of ‘CRE (including CP-CRE)’ by genus for the four years, the genus Klebsiella was isolated the most with an average of 72.04%, followed by the genus Escherichia (10.81%), the genus Enterobacter (9.54%), and the genus Citrobacter (1.27%.). From 2018 to 2021, the proportion of ‘CP-CRE’ increased significantly from 59.07% to 68.45% and the types of genus and species identified as ‘CP-CRE’ were diversified during the same period. The distribution of the detected CPE genes were highest in KPC (89.31%), and NDM (8.53%), and the distribution of CPE gene subtypes also varied. It is expected that this study can be used as basic data for preparing suitable countermeasures against CRE infection in the community in the future. experimental method of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency’s SOP on CRE infection test. And VITEK2 (BioM é rieux) was used for the biological identification of bacteria, and the antibiotic resistance test followed the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline (8).","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45278195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptomyces Extract Inhibits Enterovirus 71 Replication by Activation of PKB/AKT Signaling","authors":"Boyoung Jeong, Hong-Ki Kim, B. Lim","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.3.094","url":null,"abstract":"Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a main pathogen of hand-foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children and adults. HFMD is a disease that causes small blisters in the mouth and hands and feet. Although blisters are usually disappeared one to two weeks after infection, HFMD is a serious disease that can lead to encephalitis and manic diseases depending on the patient. However, a representative vaccine and treatment for HFMD have not been developed yet. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of Streptomyces sp. zx10-19 (KH29) extract (0.1 ~ 100 μg/㎖) using EV71 infected HeLa cells. KH29 extract (100 μg/㎖) treatment significantly inhibited expression of EV71 capsid protein VP1 and cleavage of translation initiation factor eIF4G1. In addition, PKB/AKT activity was significantly increased by KH29 extract treatment. In the reverse transcription-PCR, KH29 extract treatment significantly inhibited EV71 a positive and negative-strand RNA genome amplification at 100 ug/ml. Moreover, the downstream signal molecule GSK3-beta and NF-κB phosphorylation were significantly increased following AKT activation in KH29 extract treatment. These results suggest that KH29 extract may increases cell survival through AKT signaling and effectively inhibit the proliferation of EV71, which will be used as an effective substance for the development of therapeutic agents for EV71-induced HFMD. was cultured on HeLa cell monolayers. HeLa cells were grown for 16 h and infected with 10 7 plaque-forming units (PFU) of EV71. When the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the infected cells reached > 90%, the cells were subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles at -80℃. Virus stock concentrations were determined by tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50). HeLa cells were cultured using Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM, Welgene, Inc., Gyeongsan-si, Korea) with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin sol. (Welgene, Inc) at 37℃ in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator (16). VP1 Anti-sense 5'-TTGACAAAAACTGAGGGGTT-3' GAPDH Sense 5'-ATCAACGACCCCTTCATTGAC-3', and GAPDH Anti-sense 5'-CCAGTAGACTCCACGACATACTCAGC-3' with cDNA as template. Then, the PCR product was electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel, and viral VP1 gene positive and negative strands were quantified by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. All data were quantified by NIH-image J V1.45 software and normalized by GAPDH as described previously (16). EV71 replication is regulated by host cells signaling molecules such as GSK3β and NF-κB activity at the early stage of infection. Several well-characterized physiological substrates for Akt have been identified to date, including GSK-3 (11). GSK-3, a ubiquitously expressed protein–serine/threonine kinase, is inhibited by Akt phosphorylation in response to growth factor stimulation. These studies suggest that GSK3 is involved in multiple cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation. We found that phosphorylation of GSK3β (Ser9) and NF-κB were significantly increa","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48429418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Acute Gastroenteritis through the Pathogen Surveillance System in Incheon Metropolitan City, 2018-2021","authors":"J. H. Kim, Sung-Min Song, J. Kim, Soo-Min Lim, S. J. Park, Hwa-Jung Nam, Y. Gong, M. Kwon","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.2.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.2.054","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the epidemiological characterization of pathogens in acute diarrheal diseases in Incheon Metropolitan City from 2018 to 2021. The causative pathogens were detected in feces of patients (3,550 cases) who visited or were hospitalized for diarrhea at hospitals in Incheon. The highest bacterial detection rate was 28.2% at 6-9 years of age, followed by 24.1% at 10-19 years of age and 17.2% at 1-5 years of age. And the highest virus detection rate was 39.3% at 1-5 years of age, followed by 18.1% at under 1 year of age and 16.7% at 6-9 years of age. The detection rate of enteric pathogen exhibited typical seasonality; that of bacteria was high from July to August (summer), whereas that of viruses was high from November to April (early winter-spring). The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (205 cases), followed by Salmonella spp. (127 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (42 cases), Campylobacter jejuni (32 cases) and Bacillus cereus (27 cases). And the most prevalent viruses were Norovirus (313 cases), followed by Rotavirus (141 cases), Adenovirus (71 cases), Astrovirus (47 cases), Sapovirus (25 cases). Among the total of 3,550 cases, co-infection were observed in 114 cases. One hundred five cases had two pathogens, 8 cases had three pathogens and 1 cases had four pathogens. The most common types of co-infection were Escherichia coli - Norovirus and Norovirus - Rotavirus (13 cases respectively). Through this study, we confirmed the characteristics of acute diarrhea pathogens in Incheon Metropolitan City by age and season.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43448903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and Genetic Characterization of Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine Candidate Named as CD1901-100","authors":"Dong-Kun Yang, Yu-Ri Park, Ha-Hyun Kim, Eun-ju Kim, H. Lee, B. Hyun","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2022.52.2.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2022.52.2.072","url":null,"abstract":"Canine distemper virus (CDV) infections cause high morbidity and mortality in dogs. Changes in the molecular biological characteristics of the Korean CDV strain over multiple cell passages have not been reported. We investigated the biological and genetic characteristics of CD1901-100 for use as an inactivated vaccine strain. Vero cells expressing the dog nectin-4 gene (Vero/dNectin-4 cells) were used to adapt CD1901, which was passaged 100 times in four types of cells. We assessed the cytopathic effects and used immunofluorescence assays to identify biological features of CD1901 and CD1901-100. Seven types of cells were used to explore the tropisms of the two CDV strains. The genetic analyses were based on whole-genome sequencing data. Vero cells expressing dog signaling lymphocyte activation molecule were infected with the two CDV strains and showed different cytopathic effects and fluorescence properties. CD1901-100 attained the highest viral titer of 10 6.5 TCID 50 /mL at 4 days post-inoculation; the overall highest virus titer of 10 7.0 TCID 50 /mL was that after growth in Vero/dNectin-4 cells. CD1901-100 exhibited 25 nucleotide mutations and 15 amino acid substitutions in six structural proteins compared to the CD1901 sequences. Of the six proteins, the F protein had the highest number of amino acid replacements (5/663, 0.75%). We constructed a Vero/dNectin-4 cell line and passaged CD1901 100 times in four types of cells. CD1901-100 propagated well in Vero/dNectin-4 cells. This will aid the development of an inactivated CDV vaccine. passaged 40 times in Vero/dSLAM cells without any treatment and then again (passages 41 to 60) after 1 min of ultraviolet (UV) light exposure about 60 centimeters away in a biosafety cabinet. Passages 61 to 76 employed DF-1 cells, and passages 77 to 84 used normal Vero cells. Passages 85-95 employed Vero/dSLAM cells and were performed in the presence of 4 mM 5' bromouracil. Passages 96-100 used Vero/dNectin-4 cells. Vero/dNectin-4, Vero, DF-1, A72 (ATCC, CRL-1542), and MDCK (ATCC, CRL34) cells and grown in 25-cm flasks. After incubation for 5 days, each flask was frozen and thawed three times. The clarified supernatants were subjected to viral titration to know the proliferative ability of CD1901-100 as described above.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49215631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}