Asian Labor Migration最新文献

{"title":"Skills and Earnings: Issues in the Developmental Impact on the Philippines of Labor Export to the Middle East","authors":"J. Smart, V. A. Teodosio, Jimenez Cj","doi":"10.4324/9780429040306-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429040306-6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on 1) whether Filippino workers in the Middle East learn new employment skills and 2) to what extent their use of overseas earnings might act as a catalyst in local development. Although the data are not always consistent the authors consider that Middle East employment has not yet achieved either of these objectives. There is little incentive for employers to provide training opportunities for workers. Although pay levels are high relative to the Philippines savings and asset accumulation does not appear to be enough to both set workers up as entrepreneurs and to maintain a higher family standard of living. A vicious cycle may be created where workers spend their savings and then find that they must return overseas to meet their life style expectations. The present needs of Philippine development are neglected and predictions about the effects of sending more Philippine workers overseas are not optimistic. However given communication and transportation advances the provision of labor to an expanding international market of which the Middle East is the current focus could provide the means to integrate the Philippines into the world economy or at least encourage conventional development processes. A suburban rather than an industrial growth model or a model giving priority to labor reallocation as opposed to capital investment might be a more appropriate frame of reference.","PeriodicalId":395667,"journal":{"name":"Asian Labor Migration","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124686714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Filipino Overseas Contract Workers: Their Families and Communities","authors":"Goel Sp, Postrado Lt","doi":"10.4324/9780429040306-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429040306-7","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1976 more than a million Filippino workers have gone to work in 112 countries and on board more than 5000 ocean-going vessels. For the 5-year period beginning in 1976 workers sent home US $2.22 billion in remittances. The complexity of international contract labor in the Philippines makes it difficult to reach definite conclusions about its effect on workers families and communities but the relatively high degree of consistency of results shows that migration has had some effects. In economic terms international contract labor has substantially benefited the households with overseas contract workers. Despite reports to the contrary the institutions of marriage and the family have remained stable thus far in households with overseas contract workers and in communities with high levels of temporary overseas migration. Social problems in the community should probably not be attributed to the phenomenon of international contract labor. Contract labor has brought about changes in some of the dynamics of population such as fertility sex composition and labor force participation at the household and community levels.","PeriodicalId":395667,"journal":{"name":"Asian Labor Migration","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126613607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asia’s Labor Pipeline: An Overview","authors":"F. Arnold, Shah Nm","doi":"10.4324/9780429040306-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429040306-1","url":null,"abstract":"An unprecedented exodus of Asian workers has taken place to the oil-rich countries of the Middle East. In 1981 there were 2.5 million Asians working in the Middle East (not including dependents). The adverse economic effects of the oil shock have led to a labor pipeline of Asian workers to the Middle East. This book explores some of the critical issues that have arisen from the recent increase in Asian labor market: 1) the number of legal and illegal Asian migrants 2) its effect on domestic labor markets 3) how remittances are used 4) the effects of separation on families 5) womens roles in sending countries 6) acutal benefits to sending communities 7) problems of return migration 8) the adequacy of migration policies and 9) predictions of future migration. The debate continues over whether the benefits of labor migration to the middle East outweigh the costs. Difficulties in measuring the volume of labor migration include its recency the lack of information on returns and its short term and circular nature. 60-70% of the Asians in the Middle East work in construction; very few are unskilled workers. Possibly the greatest benefit to sending countries has been the massive flow of remittances which have become the top foreign exchange earner in several Asian countries. Labor migration is officially considered to be an employment creation policy by most of the sending countries; but labor shortages expecially in construction may soon develop. Noneconomic consequences of labor migration have received relatively little attention so far but the social and psychological effects on both the migrant and his family must be profound. Migration from each Asian country has its special characteristics. Almost all Korean labor migrants work for domestic companies. Pakistan has the largest percentage of its population working in the Middle East of any Asian country. Almost half of all Indian labor migrants come from Kerala State. The Philippines is now the largest supplier of Asian labor. Thailand has a very high percentage of married workers. The majority of Bangladeshi workers are unskilled. Sri Lanka is the only Asian country most of the migrants of which are female. The future of Asian labor migration is uncertain due to political instability in the Middle East the fluctuating price of oil and the continuing economic transformation of the host countries.","PeriodicalId":395667,"journal":{"name":"Asian Labor Migration","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114184554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}