Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia最新文献

{"title":"Diving Wave Tomography: Velocity Modelling Using First Arrival Traveltime","authors":"Amatul Syafi Abdul Basit, Abdul Rahim Md Arshad, Arulini Permalu","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202202","url":null,"abstract":"In hydrocarbon exploration, information carried by diving waves and post-critical reflections that are used to reconstruct the long-to-intermediate wavelength of the subsurface is an integral part of successful velocity model building. Diving wave tomography (DWT) is one of the tools for shallow velocity assessment particularly when seismic data has poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with complex geologic settings where no clear reflector is present. Considering the relationship between velocity with time and space, the output from tomography plays a crucial role to align data between time and depth domain and produce a reliable image of the deeper structure where hydrocarbon reservoir is typically located. In geophysics, tomography is primarily used to correct seismic trace alignment to produce a reliable stack section. In advanced imaging it is used as an initial model for waveform inversion in an integrated workflow. In the post-processing stage, it is used to correct the misfit between well logs and seismic data and is crucial for the quantitative analysis of rock physics. In this paper, we focus on tomography and its working principle on near-surface velocity modelling. We restricted our workflow to 2D synthetic data simulating the shallow gas occurrence that is prominent in the offshore Malay Basin to demonstrate how tomography works in velocity reconstruction. Results from synthetic and real data example shows that DWT can recover local large-scale structure and improved stacked data, considering no other seismic data and constraint from well data is included in the iterative process.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42132199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biozonation (Benthic Foraminifera) Of Mishrif Formation At Majnoon And Zubair Oil Fields, Southern Iraq","authors":"S. Al-dulaimy, Yasamin K. H. Ibrahim, F. T. Abdallah","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202207","url":null,"abstract":"The Mishrif Formation represents a carbonate succession that deposited in major parts of the Arabian Plate during the Cenomanian stage. The formation is rich in fossils including foraminifera, rudists, and algae. This study includes determination of the biozones and biostratigraphic limits of three boreholes sections of Mishrif Formation (Cenomanian) from Majnoon and Zubair oil fields in southern Iraq within the Mesopotamian Basin. A new biostratigraphic scheme is introduced based on the study of benthic foraminifera that occur in the complete succession of Mishrif Formation. Depending on the vertical distribution of benthic foraminifera, four biozones in the studied sections have been established, they include: 1 - Miliolids Abundance Biozone that is characterized by the first appearance of miliolids to first appearance of Nezzazata conica, and include rudist, gastropoda, pelecypoda and algae, 2 - Nezzazata simplex – Nezzazata conica Concurrent Biozone (Middle Cenomanian) is distinguished by the first appearance of Nezzazata simplex, Nezzazata conica, Praealveolina cretacea, and Pseudorhapydionia laurinensis. Other associated benthic foraminifera include Nezzazata concave, Praealveolina tenuis, Chrysalidina sp., Cuneolina pavonia, Multispirina iranica, Biconcava bentori, Qataria dukhani, Dicyclina schlumbergari, Tabrina beingstani, Cisalveolina sp., and Carinoconus iraqiensis. 3 - Pseudorhapydionian laurinensis – Praealveolina cretacea Concurrent Biozone (Early Late Cenomanian) is identified by the last occurrence of Nezzazata simplex with the first occurrence of Psudorhapydionian laurinensis, and Praealveoilina cretacea, and the last occurrence of both taxa. This biozone also shows the occurrence of Cisalveolina fallax, Tabarian bingstani, Carinoconus iraqiensis, Spiroloculina sp., Chrysalidina gradata, Biconcava bentori, Qataria dukhani, Pseudotexularella sp., and Dicyclina schlumbergari. 4 - Pseudolituonella reicheli-Chrysalidina gradata Concurrent Biozone (Latest Cenomanian) is marked by the first and last occurrence of Pseudolituonella reicheli and Chrysalidina gradate. Other diagnosed foraminifera include: Spiroloculina sp., Rotalia sp., Pseudorhapydionia sp., Quinquelaculina sp., Nummulculina heimi, and Discorbis sp. Based on the stratigraphic ranges of the available fossils of the studied sections, the age of Mishrif Formation is estimated to be of Middle-latest Cenomanian.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43468754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization Of Naturally Fractured Basement Reservoir And Its Play Concept, South Pattani Basin, Gulf Of Thailand","authors":"U. K. Gusti, A. Ferguson","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202209","url":null,"abstract":"Structural development and complex basin forming mechanism in Pattani Basin may have formed naturally fractured basement reservoirs. The basement of the South Pattani Basin is poorly understood, as a result of low seismic resolution in its deeper part and lack of wells that reach the basement. Hence, seismic interpretation may improve the understanding of South Pattani Basin basement fracture systems. This paper aims to investigate the geological and seismic characteristics of the fractured basement reservoir, identify the relation between basin evolution and fracture network and development, and proposed a play concept for naturally fractured basement reservoir. Seismic attributes exhibit prominent N-S fault and fracture trends in the study area. Three basement high areas revealed that open fractures distribution identified using seismic ant-tracking technology has good correlation with regional maximum horizontal stress direction (N-S), but the intra-basement (central) area exhibits strong alignment with pre-existing fabrics (NW-SE). Open fracture networks in Zone A and B developed around major fault swarm features. Integrated qualitative and quantitative seismic analysis suggests that the three basement high areas have the potential for fractured basement reservoirs, with a complex fracture configuration and development due to poly-phase deformations.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42983536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnitude-Rupture Area Scaling Derived From Global Earthquakes Of Moderate To Large Sizes: Implications For Seismic Hazards In Indonesia","authors":"T. Prastowo, Gandhis Putri Ayudia, Hilda Risanti","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202201","url":null,"abstract":"Earthquake size can be estimated using magnitude-rupture area scaling developed from modelled fault dimensions and measured moment magnitudes. In this study, a measure of a fault plane geometry was provided by rupture area A and the size scaled with moment magnitude Mw. Using global earthquakes datasets containing 90 events with varying magnitudes 4.45 ≤ Mw ≤ 9.20 during years of 1960-2015, we classified the data into separate strike-slip, dip-slip (normal and reverse) and subduction-zone earthquakes. The study aims to search for reliable scaling used for magnitude prediction of earthquakes around the globe for each type of source mechanism. We found from the Mw−A scaling proposed in this study that the magnitude for subduction events was likely to saturate to a maximum value possible Mw ≈ 9.3 at rupture areas much larger than those for strike-slips and dip-slips. This suggests that rocks in the subduction-zone are able to accumulate high stress, implying large seismic energy release via strong ground motion when an earthquake occurs at the plate boundary. Taking into account cases under consideration that included intraplate-fault and subduction processes covering a wide range of magnitudes from moderate to large sizes, the results are relevant to Indonesian tectonic settings, where active crustal faults have been recently found throughout the country and in particular a future megathrust subduction-zone earthquake of Mw ~ 9.0 is possible to occur off the south coasts of Java Island, the most densely populated island in Indonesia. These potential seismic threats call for increasing awareness of disaster preparedness, particularly for local community in regions with a high level of vulnerability to tsunami and earthquake disasters. Therefore, a reliable earthquake early warning is of primary importance, which is best integrated into an existing tsunami early warning for maximum security from future seismic hazards.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49028495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization Of Fly Ash In Heavy Metal Removal From Acid Mine Drainage","authors":"Nuur Hani Mohammed, Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202214","url":null,"abstract":"Acid mine drainage (AMD) contains very toxic heavy metal with strong acidity. The high concentration of heavy metals in AMD have the potential as a major contamination sources that affect human life, aquatic and other natural resources. In this study, the removal of heavy metals was carried out by using low-cost industrial waste material which is fly ash. The adsorption capacity of fly ash was determined by two methods which are batch adsorption and tank remediation test. The effects of quantity of dosage, pH and heavy metal concentration were investigated. Fly ash consist of carbonate minerals (>50%) with high potential as adsorbent material to treat acid mine. The maximum adsorption rate for fly ash occurred at pH 5 for Pb, pH 7 for Zn and pH 3 for Cu. Adsorption capacity also increased with increasing dose. Fly ash as high alkaline material remediated and neutralized AMD solution from acidic phase (pH 2.11) to neutral phase (pH 7.09). Increasing pH value during treatment process will increase the capacity of the removal of heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49082913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geophysics And Geomorphic Observation For Near-Surface Structures Mapping Of Seulimeum Fault On Lamtamot Area, Northern Sumatra","authors":"M. Yanis, Gozian Islami, N. Ismail","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202211","url":null,"abstract":"In the northern part of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, the Great Sumatran Fault, which can cause an earthquake, was divided into two segments: the Aceh and Seulimeum. An effort to reduce the risk is mapping the fault area, especially in the region that does not clearly show the sign on the surface, e.g., in the Lamtamot area, Indonesia. Electrical resistivity is widely used to study shallow structures, but the method requires more time when applied in a large area. This research explores the potential of an extremely low frequency (very low frequency-electromagnetic; VLF-EM) method to investigate the shallow fault of the Seulimeum segment. Here, the VLF-EM is compared with other geophysical methods such as resistivity and magnetic methods. For comprehensive results, the geomorphic observation that was conducted covered outcrops of the fault and trenching sites in the geophysical study for validating the model. A similar pattern of the VLF-EM and electrical resistivity data has been shown in a two-dimensional profile using data processing. The fault structure can be mapped at a distance of 20–24 m from the profile measurement, which is demonstrated by the low current density associated with the conductive zone from the VLF-EM, and low resistive anomaly in electrical resistivity. The fault can also be confirmed via magnetic intensity, which significantly increases at the same distance (20–25 m) of the VLF-EM and electrical resistivity. The geomorphic observation shows outcrops of fault activity, such as fault scarp, fractures, and faults, in the same direction as the Seulimeum segment, while scrap extends in the northwest direction up to ~20 m around the geophysical surveys. As revealed by the results, the VLF-EM method combined with other geophysical surveys and geomorphic observation can be used as a technique to image the fault that shows the shallow structure of the Seulimeum fault at 20–32 m along the profile.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41463478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing The Source And Origin Of Earthenware Stove In Kelantan State Museum By Means Of Geochemical And Mineralogical Methods","authors":"Suresh Narayanen, Nasha bin Rodziadi Khaw, Ahmad Fadly Jusoh, Ahmad Syahir Zulkipli","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202205","url":null,"abstract":"This study applies geochemical and mineralogical methods to determine the source and origin of the raw materials used to manufacture the earthenware stove in Kelantan State Museum, Kota Bharu. The stove is claimed to be the most unique pottery made in Kelantan but details regarding its place of manufacture and technology are missing due to the poor recording and cataloguing system used by the museum in the past. Three analytical methods employed in this study were X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses. The results of the analyses were compared with the compositional data of raw clay samples obtained from Sungai Galas and Tumpat, two well-known traditional pottery manufacturing localities in Kelantan. In addition, clay samples from Ulu Kelantan were also included in this study to check whether the stove has any similarity with the chemical contents of prehistoric pottery found in the Nenggeri Valley of Kelantan. The results of the analyses showed that the composition of the earthenware stove has closer similarity with the clay samples extracted from Sungai Galas compared to the samples from Tumpat and Ulu Kelantan. Major minerals found between the earthenware stove and clay from Sungai Galas are quartz, albite, muscovite, microcline and cordierite. Furthermore, Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that the stove was fired below 600 °C, corresponding to the traditional bonfire-firing technique employed by the Mambong potters in Sungai Galas. On the basis of geochemical and mineralogical results, this study concludes that the earthenware stove in the Kelantan State Museum is a product of Kampung Mambong made of clay sourced from Sungai Galas and fired at low temperatures between 400 – 600 °C, probably using the open-firing technique.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42365854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfacies Analysis And Depositional Environment Of Pila Spi Formation (Middle - Late Eocene) In The Nerwa Section, Berat Anticline, High Folded Zone, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq","authors":"I. Asaad","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202212","url":null,"abstract":"Microfacies analysis and depositional environment of the Pila Spi Formation (Middle-Late Eocene) were studied in the Nerwa outcrop, Berat anticline, High Folded Zone in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The total thickness of the formation is 13.5 m composed of medium to thick bedded yellow to white limestone and thick bedded grey to white dolomitic limestone. It is interbedded with thin beds of yellow marl in the lower part and have chert nodules in the upper part. The petrographic study of 17 thin sections of the Pila Spi carbonate showed that the majority of the carbonates are micritic mixed with some microspar. The skeletal grains involve benthonic foraminifera, ostracods, mollusca, dasycladacean green algae, pelecypods, gastropods, rare planktonic foraminifera and bioclasts. Non skeletal grain included peloids, intraclasts and extraclasts which is mainly monocrystalline quartz grain. Based on field observations and petrographic analysis, three different lithological units were distinguished in the Pila Spi Formation in the studied section. They are in ascending order: medium to thick bedded limestone interbedded with marl unit, thick bedded dolomitic limestone unit and, cherty limestone unit. Depending on detailed microfacies analysis of carbonate rocks, three main microfacies and twelve submicrofacies were recognized in the studied section of the Pila Spi Formation. From the sum of all petrographic, facies and textural analyses, it is here concluded that Pila Spi Formation in the Nerwa section was deposited at subtidal semi-restricted lagoon, in lower part gradually changed to open lagoon environment toward the upper part.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43040484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Depositional Environments Of Two Internal Reference Materials With Marine Sediment Matrix From Nearby Bangka Island","authors":"Ronaldo Irzon, K. Kurnia, A. Haryanto, S. Maryanto, U. Hernawan","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202215","url":null,"abstract":"Internal reference materials are generated by laboratories to overcome the high cost and limited matrix of certified reference materials (CRM). Rare earth elements (REE) are strategic metals which is used in modern technology and explored within different matrices. Rare earth elements exploration surely needs appropriate reference materials for accurate interpretation. The current study aims to explain internal standard reference materials generation of marine sediment matrices from nearby the tin Bangka Island, especially the rare earth elements character, to overcome the CRM dependency. The first sample was taken with a dredger while the second one using a suction vessel. Repeated samples measurements were done by applying inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) from the Center for Geological Survey Indonesia for repeatability tests. The samples were analyzed in another certified laboratory in Indonesia using the same device for reproducibility assessment. The two candidates should be deposited in different environments with different influx material due to their distinct rare earth elements characters. Most of the analytes’ contents are suitable to be set as internal reference material values according to acceptable repeatability and reproducibility evaluations. The internal reference materials are ready for studying suitable matrices in the future.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46663004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Erosional Unconformity At The Top Of The Nyalau Formation Near Bintulu, Central Sarawak (Malaysia): Its Regional Context And Significance","authors":"M. Madon, M. H. Amir Hassan, J. Jong","doi":"10.7186/bgsm73202204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm73202204","url":null,"abstract":"This article documents an erosional unconformity at the top of the Nyalau Formation (Oligocene-Early Miocene) exposed in a road-cut northeast of Bintulu in central Sarawak. The outcrop succession essentially comprises a lower unit of thickly-bedded sandstones representing wave-dominated shoreface facies overlain by fluvio-tidal channel deposits that were deposited following a base-level lowering. This gently tilting sand-rich unit is cut by an irregular concave-up erosional surface, overlain by mudstones and thinly interbedded heterolithics that show large-scale internal stratification indicative of multiple scour-and-fill structures, progradation and/or lateral accretion. The erosional surface separating the two units not only marks a significant shift in sedimentary facies but the fact that it cuts into deformed and tilted strata (Upper Nyalau) suggests that it is an erosional unconformity caused by a tectonic deformational event. Based on regional structural synthesis and stratigraphic evidences, the unconformity probably represents the eroded top of the Nyalau Formation, overlain by a relatively undeformed succession tentatively correlated with the Early-Middle Miocene post-Nyalau formations in the Mukah-Balingian region.","PeriodicalId":39503,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43994198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}