Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of the status of selected heavy metals in water, sediments and a fish species (Oreochromis niloticus) of commercial value in Lake Nakuru with a focus on human health risks","authors":"Mary Florence Nantongo,&nbsp;Joseph Edebe,&nbsp;Elick O. Otachi,&nbsp;Julius Kipkemboi","doi":"10.1111/lre.12452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12452","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study presents selected water quality parameters and the levels of heavy metals in water, sediments and Nile tilapia <i>(Oreochromis niloticus</i>) of Lake Nakuru. Nine sediments and nine water samples, as well as 30 specimens of Nile tilapia, were collected from the northern part of the lake. Physical parameters were measured in situ using multiple probes and metres. Heavy metals were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity ranged from 9.52 to 9.72, 4.58 to 8.62 mg/L, 23.40°C to 25.7°C, 2.39‰ to 2.81‰ and 4470–5226 μs/cm, respectively. Heavy metal levels (mean ± SD) were generally low in the water samples. Chromium values ranged between 7.16 and 9.19 mg/kg dw in sediment samples, and between 3.7 and 13.06 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Lead values ranged between 12.5 and 31.04 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and 4.06 and 9.95 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Arsenic values ranged between 9.5 and 21.7 mg/kg dw in sediments and below detectable limit to 2.11 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Mercury values ranged between .14 and .31 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and .12 and .35 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Cadmium was the only heavy metal concentration that was below the detection limit in the three matrices. Significant differences were observed for some heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and fish across sites (<i>p</i> &lt; .05). The levels of lead and chromium in fish were above the East African Standard, World Health Organization and European Union limits. The results of the present study recommend a possible reclassification of the lake, an immediate ban on fish harvesting and consumption from Lake Nakuru and a policy intervention on the fishery and pollution management.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140123795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A framework for analysing water security of Tonle Sap Lake in the Mekong River basin: Flow, volume, inundation, productivity and livelihoods","authors":"Mak Sithirith","doi":"10.1111/lre.12451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12451","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water is a scarce resource globally, and a water shortage worldwide would cause water security. Although there is plenty of literature studying water security, many discuss water security concerning water quality that is harmful to human health, some on the floods and droughts which destroy agriculture and livelihoods of people, and others on water war or water conflict in transboundary river basin; but little discusses water security concerning changing river flow, volume, inundation, productivity and livelihoods in the river–lake system (RLS). Thus, this paper studies the RLS to examine how changes in river flows and the volumes of the water in the RLS would affect the inundation and productivity of the RLS and, later, the livelihoods of river–lake people (RLP). In answering this question, the article undertakes the literature review and the case study of Tonle Sap Lake (TSL) in Cambodia to examine this form of water security. The paper concludes that the RLS has a close relationship between the flow, volume, inundation and productivity of fisheries and people's livelihoods. The hydropower dams, urban development and climate change cause the disconnectivity and the discontinuity of the river–lake flow, volume and inundation, undermining the productivity of fisheries and livelihoods of river–lake-dependent communities. There is a strong need for cooperation and coordination between riparian states in the Mekong River Basin (MRB) to maintain the secured flow and volume in the Mekong River (MR) and TSL and protect the livelihoods of RLP.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140000768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofloc technology: A sustainable approach towards wastewater utilization and fish production","authors":"Sudhir Kumar,&nbsp;Praveen Kumar Srivastava,&nbsp;Vineet Kumar,&nbsp;Chandra Shekhar Seth","doi":"10.1111/lre.12449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12449","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biofloc technology (BFT) has gained popularity recently as the aquaculture industry faces significant economic losses due to water pollution creating various pathogens. Many bacterial, viral and fungal diseases in fish cause a decrease in annual world fish production. Therefore, owing to a growing demand for healthy fish, zero-water exchange is widely practiced in fish and shellfish production. It minimizes the release of aquaculture wastewater into the aquatic ecosystem, which contains nutrients, organic matter and pathogens. It uses a minimal amount of land, which provides an impartial cost–benefit ratio to maintain socio-economic sustainability. Besides sustainability, fish cultured in the BFT have also expressed better health status after being challenged by different pathogens. However, this review explores the use of BFT as a sustainable approach to wastewater utilization and fish and shellfish production. Apart from this, the review highlights the potential of BFT to enhance fish production in aquaculture systems and discusses various factors that affect the performance of systems, such as carbon-to-nitrogen ratios, aeration and the use of probiotics. It also investigates the role of biofloc in improving water quality, fish and shellfish health prophylactic properties, and its effect on gut microflora. The review further examines the economic feasibility of BFT and discusses about the cost-effectiveness of implementing systems and the potential for generating additional revenue through the sale of bioflocs as a value-added product. Overall, this review highlights the potential of BFT as a sustainable solution for wastewater utilization and increasing fish production. It provides valuable insights into the factors affecting the performance of BFT systems and suggests areas for further research and development in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of the current status of Lake Jipe and its biodiversity dilemma","authors":"Paul Sagwe Orina,&nbsp;Mercy Chepkirui,&nbsp;Tonny Orina,&nbsp;Leonard Akwany,&nbsp;Rasowo Joseph,&nbsp;Mercy Matuma,&nbsp;Domitilah Kyule,&nbsp;John Okechi,&nbsp;Jonathan Munguti","doi":"10.1111/lre.12450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lake Jipe, is a shared water resource between Kenya and Tanzania located at the East African Coast is under multiple pressures. The present study assessed the current state of Lake Jipe and its biodiversity dilemma. Random sampling was conducted at 14 sampling points set at equidistant parallel to each other. Sampling depths and location coordinates were measured using Solar Transducer and GPSMAPS® 65 s. In situ water quality parameters were measured using YSI Pro Plus multiparameter; water samples for nutrients analysis were collected and preserved in cooler boxes prior transportation to Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) laboratory for analysis according to ALPHA 2005. Socio-economic data in relation to status of Lake Jipe ecology were generated using Key Informants Interviews at identified beaches along Kenya and Tanzania. Present findings indicated that the lake has receded from the original 108.72 Km² to 27.32 Km² with annual temperatures, dissolved oxygen and conductivity of 28.58 ± 0.95, 5.19 ± 00 and 799.24 ± 69.41, respectively, for dry season. Wet season recorded 31.21 ± 0.31, 4.16 ± 0.01 and 882.44 ± 57.41 for temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity, respectively. Agricultural activities have significantly (90%) contributed to the lake levels decline and further affected the lakes' aquatic biodiversity. Among the most affected are the commercially important endemic fish species of the lake of which <i>Oreochromis jipe</i> has experienced the greatest decline. Overfishing, use of illegal unreported and unregulated fishing gears, intensified fishing along protected fish breeding areas as well as poor management and uncoordinated conservation efforts have significantly contributed to the decline of fish catches from 348 kg of <i>O. jipe</i> in 2016 to 90 kg daily catches in 2022. Consequently, the lake is in the verge of extinction if no action is taken. This calls for awareness on the significance of the L. Jipe ecosystems and its immediate and long-term benefits. Further, there is need to revive and promote alternative economic activities including sustainable aquaculture and agriculture to local communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Length–weight relationships and condition factors of five fish species from the coastal region of West Bengal, India","authors":"Niladri Mondal,&nbsp;Deep Sankar Chini,&nbsp;Avijit Kar,&nbsp;Shampa Patra,&nbsp;Bidhan Chandra Patra","doi":"10.1111/lre.12448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12448","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study presents the length–weight relationships of five brackish water fish species from the coastal region of West Bengal for which this relationship not known to the present time, including <i>Stigmatogobius sadanundio</i>, <i>Brachygobius nunus</i>, <i>Microphis cuncalus</i>, <i>Butis melanostigma</i> and <i>Puntius vittatus.</i> The slope (<i>b</i>) value of the regression ranges between 2.551 and 3.319, with high correlation values (<i>r</i>² ≥ .943). The relative condition factor (<i>K</i>_n) was also calculated, being &gt;1.0 for all species examined in the present study, indicating of the overall condition of the fish species.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139720019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decadal limnological changes in Lake Beseka, central Rift Valley of Ethiopia","authors":"Hana Melese,&nbsp;Habte Jebessa Debella","doi":"10.1111/lre.12445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12445","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lake Beseka (Metahara), formerly, an alkaline soda lake in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia is recently undergoing unprecedented changes. The objective of this study was to investigate the current status on the plankton composition of Lake Beseka, in relation to the lake's environmental parameters. Samples for physicochemical and biological parameters were taken twice a year during both the rainy and dry seasons at two different sites (open and shore). Temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, salinity, ammonia, silica and soluble reactive phosphate showed significant variation (<i>p</i> &lt; .05) between wet and dry seasons. The physicochemical parameters recorded during this study shows decreasing trend than the previous studies indicating the lakes ecosystem undergone fundamental changes over time. A total of 25 phytoplankton and 13 zooplankton genera were identified. The phytoplankton community of Lake Beseka had previously been dominated by <i>Arthrospira fusiformis</i>, but this time it was completely missing, and diatoms substituted for it. The decrease in pH and salinity of the lake's water could be responsible for these changes. In addition, cyclopoid copepods now predominate over zooplankton in <i>Branchionus dimidiatus</i> during periods of high salinity. Redundancy analysis showed that SRP, ammonia, nitrate and turbidity are important environmental factors that significantly influenced plankton abundance. This study provides new baseline information on the plankton composition of Lake Beseka, in relation to the lake's environmental parameters, which can be used to evaluate future community structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139550551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorophyll-a variation in response to precipitation in a tropical urban lake","authors":"Hamdhani Hamdhani,&nbsp;Musyiir Sharaha,&nbsp;Drew E. Eppehimer,&nbsp;Samsul Rizal","doi":"10.1111/lre.12447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12447","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With increasing urbanization, urban lakes are becoming more common and serve as important flood control infrastructure, recreational uses, as well as habitat for a variety of biota. However, given their construction, function and location, urban lakes are susceptible to disturbances including stormwater runoff from metropolitan catchment areas. For example, nutrient loading from stormwater runoff can cause eutrophication. Chlorophyll-a concentration is an important water quality parameter because it is used to assess water quality and determine trophic state. Chlorophyll-a is known to be impacted by a number of environmental factors including precipitation and associated runoff. Previous studies indicate that the relationship between precipitation and chlorophyll-a is complex and often site-specific. In this study, we examined the relationship between chlorophyll-a and precipitation in an urban, tropical lake located in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. From October through December 2022, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, phosphate (PO₄), pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, total dissolved solids and conductivity were measured at five sampling sites in Air Hitam Lake, and precipitation was measured adjacent to the lake. These data indicated that chlorophyll-a concentrations were negatively correlated with recent precipitation (<i>r</i>² = .71, <i>p</i> &lt; .05). This relationship was likely a result of dilution from increased lake volume. Although urban runoff is expected to increase nutrient loading, our monitoring indicated that dilution can mediate this process in the short-term. Our findings suggest that timing matters when monitoring water quality in tropical, urban lakes. Sampling immediately following heavy precipitation and stormwater runoff can lead to an underestimation of normal chlorophyll-a concentrations due to dilution. As a result, dilution effects should be examined when studying and managing urban lentic ecosystems with strong precipitation dynamics. Further studies are necessary to better understand these urban aquatic ecosystems to continue to improve future management efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139494410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimetric socio-ecological assessment of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) solms) invasion of an urban Ramsar wetland lake","authors":"W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini Wijeyaratne,&nbsp;Uditha Prabhath Liyanage","doi":"10.1111/lre.12444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12444","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> (Mart) solms), a widely distributed invasive aquatic plant in Sri Lanka, has invaded the Diyawannawa wetland lake located in Colombo city, which is the first Ramsar wetland city in South Asia. The present study was conducted to assess the water quality parameters that influence the distribution of water hyacinth and to identify the environmental, economic, and social consequences of its invasion of the Diyawannawa wetland. Five sampling sites were selected from the Diyawannawa lake, and the water pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO), nitrate concentration, and total phosphorus concentration were measured at monthly intervals in the rainy and dry seasons of 2020. The abundance of water hyacinth was recorded at each site at each sampling event. Interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with the representatives of the community associated with the wetland to assess the ecological, economic and social effects of water hyacinth invasion. Principal component analysis of the water quality parameters revealed that phosphorus and nitrate concentrations in water significantly influenced the abundance of water hyacinth. Further, the water quality index (WQI) indicated poor water quality in the sites invaded by water hyacinth. The interviews and FGDs revealed that water hyacinth invasion has adversely affected the lake's fisheries and navigation pathways and increased the frequency of flooding, resulting in an increased mosquito population. The results of the present study highlighted the importance of implementing water quality management programmes in the Diyawannawa wetland to control the invasion of water hyacinth. Further, we recommend increasing community participation in water hyacinth control programmes and providing opportunities for the community to engage in self-employment activities associated with the uses of water hyacinth.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139494409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental factors are the major drivers of macroinvertebrate assemblage structure in southern Brazilian coastal lakes","authors":"Aline Corrêa Mazzoni,&nbsp;Rosane Lanzer,&nbsp;Mateus Marques Pires,&nbsp;Alois Schäfer,&nbsp;Leonardo Maltchik,&nbsp;Cristina Stenert","doi":"10.1111/lre.12442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coastal freshwater lakes are distinctive landscape features in South America, and benthic macroinvertebrates are key to their ecological functioning. Identifying the main factors driving the assemblage structure of benthic macroinvertebrate is thus important for the development of management strategies in these ecosystems. However, studies on the drivers of macroinvertebrate assemblages are scarce in subtropical coastal lakes of the Neotropical region. Here, we evaluated the role of environmental (morphometric and water chemistry variables) and spatial factors in the assemblage structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in 36 coastal freshwater lakes in Brazil from 2008 to 2015. Macroinvertebrate family richness increased with ammonium, pH and water transparency, and decreased with nitrate content (slope ≈1 for all significant variables). Environmental factors explained most of the variation in macroinvertebrate composition (16%) compared to spatial ones (3.4%). In specific, Dugesiidae, Hydrobiidae, Corbiculidae, Sphaeromatidae, Noteridae, Hydropsychidae, Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae predominated in lakes with lower conductivity (&lt;100 μS/cm) and higher water transparency (&gt;1 m). Spatial factors summarized differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages between isolated and connected lakes. Although none of the lakes studied are directly impacted by organic pollution, our results suggest that benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in subtropical coastal lakes are mostly structured by water chemistry, likely reflecting the major trends in land use along the study region (transition from agriculture to urban areas). We recommend that the conservation of macroinvertebrate biodiversity in southern Brazilian coastal lakes focus on the monitoring of water chemistry factors associated with human-based land use.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138473433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variation of the Akosombo hydroelectric power dam and its effects on downstream water quality, people and living organisms","authors":"Shine Francis Gbedemah,&nbsp;Andreas Andoh,&nbsp;Selase Adanu","doi":"10.1111/lre.12440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12440","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Akosombo Hydroelectric Power Plant (AHPP) is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world. The impact of the dam after its construction on living organisms and people is not known. This paper offers new insights into our understanding of how the lake affects water quality for living organisms and people living downstream of its tailrace at different spatial levels. Water samples were collected to determine physicochemical and bacteriological parameters at fifteen strategically chosen sampling points. The data were analysed in the laboratory for certain physicochemical and biological parameters. About 95 questionnaires were also administered at Abume to households to ascertain their concerns with the water from the dam. The results indicated that the operation of AHPP has statistically significant effects on pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), faecal coliform and total coliform. The DO and total coliform did not rejuvenate by the 1km tailrace distance of the study. However, pH rejuvenated at a distance of 750 meters. The people also point out that the quality of the river at Abume is not safe for drinking and living organisms. The study concludes that water from the AHPP downstream is a satisfactory source of raw water that can be treated for domestic use. The water can also not support large fish species like tilapia. The study recommends that cage fishing should not take place close to the tailrace. The Volta River Authority and the government should provide potable drinking water to the communities affected by the construction of the dam and new sustainable turbines should be employed to manage the dam.</p>","PeriodicalId":39473,"journal":{"name":"Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50138367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}