Viktoria Koscinski, Celeste Gambardella, Estey Gerstner, Mark Zappavigna, Jennifer Cassetti, Mehdi Mirakhorli
{"title":"A Natural Language Processing Technique for Formalization of Systems Requirement Specifications","authors":"Viktoria Koscinski, Celeste Gambardella, Estey Gerstner, Mark Zappavigna, Jennifer Cassetti, Mehdi Mirakhorli","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00062","url":null,"abstract":"Natural language processing techniques have proven to be useful for analysis of technical specifications documents. One such technique, information extraction (IE), can help automate the analysis of software systems requirement specifications (SysRS) by extracting structured information from unstructured or semi-structured natural language data, allowing for requirements to be converted into formal logic. Current IE techniques are not designed for SysRS data, and often do not extract the information needed for requirements formalization. In this work, we introduce an IE method specifically designed for SysRS data. We provide a description of our approach, analysis of the technique on a set of real requirements, example of how information obtained using our technique can be converted into a formal logic representation, and discussion of our technique and its benefits in automated SysRS analysis tasks.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129620924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wasja Brunotte, Larissa Chazette, V. Klös, E. Knauss, Timo Speith, Andreas Vogelsang
{"title":"Welcome to the First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Explainable Systems (RE4ES)","authors":"Wasja Brunotte, Larissa Chazette, V. Klös, E. Knauss, Timo Speith, Andreas Vogelsang","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00028","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to the First International Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Explainable Systems (RE4ES), where we aim to advance requirements engineering (RE) for explainable systems, foster interdisciplinary exchange, and build a community. On the one hand, we believe that the methods and techniques of the RE community can add much value to explainability research. On the other hand, we have to ensure that we develop techniques fitted to the needs of other communities.This first workshop explores synergies between the RE community and other communities already researching explainability.To this end, we have based our agenda on a mix of paper presentations from authors of different domains, one keynote from industry and one from research, as well as interactive activities to stimulate lively discussions.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127628967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongbin Xiao, Zhi Li, Yilong Yang, Jie Deng, Shangfeng Wei
{"title":"An Extended Meta-Model of Problem Frames for Enriching Environmental Descriptions","authors":"Hongbin Xiao, Zhi Li, Yilong Yang, Jie Deng, Shangfeng Wei","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00077","url":null,"abstract":"Problem Frames (PF) have attracted extensive attention and research in the requirements engineering community, particularly in the field of modeling environment-based CyberPhysical Systems (CPS). This paper proposes an approach based on the combination of PF and model-driven engineering (MDE). The approach builds an extended meta-model of the Problem Frames approach to support representing causal behaviours of the environment of CPS, which are essential domain knowledge of the environment for modelling CPS requirements and complexity analysis. EMF (Eclipse Model Framework) and the Sirius technology are used to create GUI items for the meta-model and provide a platform for modeling tools based on the Eclipse environment for PF modelers. An example case study is used to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115342180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge-based Sense Disambiguation of Multiword Expressions in Requirements Documents","authors":"Tobias Hey, Jan Keim, W. Tichy","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00017","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the meaning and the senses of expressions is essential to analyze natural language requirements. Disambiguation of expressions in their context is needed to prevent misinterpretations. Current knowledge-based disambiguation approaches only focus on senses of single words and miss out on linking the shared meaning of expressions consisting of multiple words. As these expressions are common in requirements, we propose a sense disambiguation approach that is able to detect and disambiguate multiword expressions. We use a two-tiered approach to be able to use different techniques for detection and disambiguation. Initially, a conditional random field detects multiword expressions. Afterwards, the approach disambiguates these expressions and retrieves the corresponding senses using a knowledge-based approach. The knowledge-based approach has the benefit that only the knowledge base has to be exchanged to adapt the approach to new domains and knowledge. Our approach is able to detect multiword expressions with an F1-score of 88.4% in an evaluation on 997 requirement sentences. The sense disambiguation achieves up to 57% F1-score.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115828171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Welcome to the Fifth International Workshop on Crowd-Based Requirements Engineering (CrowdRE’21)","authors":"Muneera Bano, Eduard C. Groen, I. Hadar, N. Seyff","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00050","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to the 5th International Workshop on Crowd-Based Requirements Engineering (CrowdRE’21), where scientists and representatives of industry meet to exchange ideas, experiences, and other contributions regarding the state of the art of Crowd-Based Requirements Engineering (CrowdRE). The discipline of CrowdRE seeks to address the challenges of traditional requirements engineering (RE) in scaling up to settings with thousands to millions of users of (software) products or (software-driven) services, who form a large and heterogeneous group that can be denoted as a ‘crowd’ [1, 3]. The user feedback generated by the crowd, such as texts or usage data, can be a valuable source of requirements, problems, wishes, and needs. Responding quickly, effectively, and iteratively to this feedback can greatly increase a product’s success. CrowdRE comprises any approach that provides RE with suitable means for this crowd paradigm, especially by involving the crowd and by collecting, harmonizing, analyzing, and interpreting their user feedback.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128936167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"When the Developers Become the (Micro) Crowd: An Educational Case Study on Multidisciplinary Requirements Engineering","authors":"M. Levy, I. Hadar, Assaf Krebs, Idit Barak","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an academic educational case of the ‘Jam week’ at Shenkar College of Engineering Design and Art. During the 2021 Jam week – a four days’ hackathon-like course – 700 students working in teams addressed challenges related to loneliness, as defined by five social care organizations. The event was virtually held through an online collaborative whiteboard platform (Miro) and Zoom meetings. The design thinking (DT) methodology was followed, involving multidisciplinary teams of engineering and design students, who collaboratively proposed solutions presented with conceptual videos and posters. Each social organization was allocated with several teams that addressed its challenges, considered in our context as a micro-crowd (MC). We performed a study for examining the influence of the collaborative environment on the MCs’ requirements engineering (RE) activities, and specifically how the structured online boards facilitate the DT process. Following a qualitative analysis of the shared boards, our findings indicate the ways in which the shared collaborative tool and the multidisciplinary nature of the MCs contributed to the high-quality outcomes developed by the teams. We further propose the concept of parallel MC-based RE referring to teams of multidisciplinary developers working in parallel for developing many ideas in a timely and creative manner.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122459898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Welcome from the Organizers FormReq 2021","authors":"S. Ebersold, Régine Laleau, M. Mazzara","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00061","url":null,"abstract":"While the importance of requirements formalization has often been highlighted, the way to support this activity in industrial context has not been sufficiently addressed in current research. Since a major determinant of the quality of software systems is the quality of their requirements, these must be both understandable and precise. Natural language, the most commonly used for writing requirements, helps understandability, but lacks precision. To achieve precision, researchers have for many years advocated the use of formal approaches to writing requirements. Many requirements methods and notations are available as a result of these efforts and they vary considerably in their style, scope and applicability. Despite of this, industrial application is still limited. The workshop aims at raising fundamental questions, including how remote the current state of the technology is from potential widespread industrial usage of formal methods. The objective is also to focus on existing methods that do have industrial application and identify the reason of their success.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121439107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Named Entity Recognition Based Approach for Privacy Requirements Engineering","authors":"Guntur Budi Herwanto, G. Quirchmayr, A. Tjoa","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00072","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of experts, such as a data protection officer (DPO) and a privacy engineer is essential in Privacy Requirements Engineering. This task is carried out in various forms including threat modeling and privacy impact assessment. The knowledge required for performing privacy threat modeling can be a serious challenge for a novice privacy engineer. We aim to bridge this gap by developing an automated approach via machine learning that is able to detect privacy-related entities in the user stories. The relevant entities include (1) the Data Subject, (2) the Processing, and (3) the Personal Data entities. We use a state-of-the-art Named Entity Recognition (NER) model along with contextual embedding techniques. We argue that an automated approach can assist agile teams in performing privacy requirements engineering techniques such as threat modeling, which requires a holistic understanding of how personally identifiable information is used in a system. In comparison to other domain-specific NER models, our approach achieves a reasonably good performance in terms of precision and recall.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132966932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hechen Wang, Peter Devine, James Tizard, Seyed Reza Shahamiri, Kelly Blincoe
{"title":"The Use of Sub-forums in Software Product Forums","authors":"Hechen Wang, Peter Devine, James Tizard, Seyed Reza Shahamiri, Kelly Blincoe","doi":"10.1109/REW53955.2021.00052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REW53955.2021.00052","url":null,"abstract":"Software product forums is a platform filled with user feedback that utilises the sub-forum feature to categorise user discussion into themes. These sub-forums are very similar to classification labels that have been used to automatically classify user feedback on other platforms such as Troubleshooting and Feature Request. It would be very beneficial to the CrowdRE community if these sub-forum categories can be utilised in a research setting as it would reduce the effort required to label content for classification manually. However, no research has been done on the accuracy of these sub-forum categorisations in software product forums. In this exploratory study, we examined the accuracy of user categorised posts in two software product forums and discovered that users incorrectly categorise more than 20% of the posts during submission. Our discovery suggests that at the current stage, sub-forum categories should not be trusted as a label to classify feedback automatically.","PeriodicalId":393646,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 29th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129348946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}