Anthropological Review最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive and behavioral modernity in Homo erectus: skull globularity and hominin brain evolution","authors":"G. Clark, M. Henneberg","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article we provide evidence that evolutionary pressures altered the cranial base and the mastoid region of the temporal bone more than the calvaria in the transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens. This process seems to have resulted in the evolution of more globular skull shape – but not as a result of expansion of the brain in the parietal regions but of reduction of the cranial base and the mastoid region relative to the parietals. Consequently, we argue that expansion of the parietals seems to be unrelated to brain evolution, but is more a by-product of reduction in other regions of the skull, reduction that may be related to dietary factors. Additionally, these findings suggest that cognitive and behavioural modernity may not necessarily be dependent on brain shape. Also, it cannot be attributed to the change in brain size because H. erectus and modern human cranial capacities overlap substantially. Consequently, we suggest H. erectus possessed the full suite of cognitive adaptations characteristic of modern humans without possessing a globular skull with flared parietals. Our results also support the theory that paedomorphic morphogenesis of the skull was important in the transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens and that such changes may be related to both dietary factors and social evolution.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":" ","pages":"467 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45308062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the effects of birth order on human lifespan in Polish historical populations, 1738–1968","authors":"Piotr Paweł Chmielewski, A. Zebrak, S. Kozieł","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While the relationships between birth order and later outcomes in life, including health and wealth, have been the subject of investigation for several decades, little or no data exist regarding the relationship between birth order and life expectancy in the Polish population. The aim of this study was to explore the link between birth order and lifespan in Polish historical populations. We obtained 8523 records from a historical dataset that was established for parishioners from the borough of Bejsce, including 4463 males and 4060 females. These data pertain to the populations that lived over a long period in a group of localities for which parish registers were well preserved. The Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and ANCOVA were run. The results strongly suggest that birth order affects male longevity. However, no such association was found for females. On balance, the hypothesis that first-born boys live longer because they are born to relatively younger parents has received some empirical support and deserves further study. We hypothesise that the effects of birth order on human health and lifespan might be overshadowed by other factors, including educational attainment, socioeconomic status and lifestyle.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"383 - 394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43056916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the influence of physical activity and screen time on somatic features and physical fitness in 6 to 7-year-old girls","authors":"E. Cieśla, Magdalena Lelonek, Monika Zaręba, E. Suliga","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Aim of the study is to assess the relationship between screen time, physical activity and physical fitness among girls 6–7 years-old. 21,528 girls aged 6 and 7 from Poland were assessed in terms of physical fitness. Arm strength, abdominal strength and explosive strength of the lower limbs were measured using the EUROFIT test. Basic somatic features were measured and BMI and WHtR indices were calculated. Spontaneous and organized physical activities as well screen time were assessed by the parents utilizing a questionnaire. The multiple logistic regression method was used to evaluate the influence of screen time and spontaneous physical activity on various components of physical fitness. Physically active (PA) girls (≥1h/day) and those who participated in additional physical activities (APA) during the week had significantly higher height, weight, and BMI (p<0.001), but not WHtR. They had a higher level of flexibility, explosive strength of the lower limbs and arm strength (p<0.001). With an increase in screen time, the BMI, WHtR increased significantly and explosive strength of the lower limbs, abdominal strength and arm strength were lower. Regression analysis showed that more frequent participation in extracurricular activities increased the values of BMI and WHtR in quartile 4 (Q4), and strength components: Q2–Q4 (p<0.05). Spontaneous physical activity was positively related to the values of BMI, WHtR (both: Q4; p<0.05), explosive force of lower limbs (Q3–Q4; p=0.001), and negatively related to arm strength (Q2; p=0.001). Screen time (≥2hrs/day) increased odds for higher BMI values (p<0.05). Each screen time category decreased the odds of achieving abdominal muscle strength related to the quartiles: Q2–Q4 (p<0.05), arm strength (Q4: p<0.05). ST (1 <2hrs/day) decreased arm strength (Q3; p= 0.045). Our research has shown that screen time-related sedentary behavior and physical activity affect overweight and obesity indices (especially BMI) and strength abilities. The observed associations more often affected girls with a higher level of fitness The results observed in girls aged 6-7 indicate a need for early intervention aimed at limiting time spent watching TV and computer use, as well as to encourage both spontaneous and organized physical activities.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"467 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42097767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional capacity and risk of frailty syndrome in 85-year-old and older women living in nursing homes in Poland","authors":"A. Kaczorowska, Anna Sebastjan, Małgorzata Kołodziej, S. Kozieł, Mariusz Tomczak, Z. Ignasiak","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Maintaining sufficient physical fitness to prevent any limitations in performing activities of daily living and to be functionally independent is of great importance for both longevity and quality of life in older adults. Aim of the study was to evaluate functional physical fitness of women aged 85 years and older, residents of nursing homes, in the Polish population and to assess the risk of frailty syndrome. The study involved 17 women aged 85 years or older, residents of nursing homes in the Lower Silesian voivodeship. The Senior Fitness Test was used to assess functional fitness. The results of functional fitness tests were related to the standards for the elderly population in Poland and to the reference standards for maintaining independence. In addition, hand grip strength level was measured using a hand dynamometer, height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess the level of depression. We used 3 of the 5 proposed criteria from the Cardiovascular Health Study Frailty Index to assess the presence of frailty syndrome: gait speed, level of hand grip strength, and the presence of depression. The results of the Senior Fitness Test demonstrate the low level of functional fitness of female nursing home residents. A large percentage of the women surveyed are below the standard values developed for Polish seniors. The weakest results were in the timed up and go test, with more than 94% of the women tested falling outside the standard ranges. The mean results of all samples do not meet the developed reference standards for maintaining independence. No non-frail person was found among the study participants and the vast majority were at risk for frailty syndrome. Most of the studied women do not meet functional fitness standards developed for the Polish population, as well as reference standards for maintaining independence. Nursing home residents over the age of 85 are at risk for frailty syndrome.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"395 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42914253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of cigarette smoking on the quality of sleep in Polish men","authors":"Agnieszka Witek, A. Lipowicz","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Quality of sleep directly impacts quality of life, whilst lifestyle significantly impacts night rest. Cigarette smoking is a serious threat to overall health, including sleep. Nicotine in cigarettes affects the nervous system, whilst the respiratory system is impacted by carcinogenic substances, such as dusts and tarred substances, inhaled with smoke. Cigarettes are assumed to be a risk factor in sleep disorders, including breathing sleep disorders. This study’s aim was to analyze the impact of cigarette smoking on adult men’s polysomnographic parameters. Polysomnographic records for 94 adult men were obtained from the polysomnography laboratory in Opolskie Province, Poland. Additionally co-morbidities, height, weight and frequency of smoking were also noted. Three groups of men were categorised according to the frequency with which they smoked: non-smokers, smoking less than a pack a day, smoking more than a pack a day. Compared to non-smokers and mild smokers, men who were heavy smokers also exhibited the longest sleepless time (H=8.11; p=0.017), the maximum waking time following the onset of sleep (H=7.99; p= 0.018), the lowest sleep efficiency across the three groups (H=7.96; p=0.019), the greatest number of apnea events per hour of sleep (H=6.23; p= 0.045), the lowest Oxygen Level Nadir (H=11.44; p= 0.003) and the highest rate of limb movements per hour of sleep (H=9.81; p=0.007). The dose effect was identified, which correlated more cigarettes men smoked per day with lower sleep quality.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"369 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46452003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An etiology of human modernity","authors":"R. Bednarik","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Following the refutation of the replacement hypothesis, which had proposed that a ‘superior’ hominin species arose in Africa and replaced all other humans existing at the time, the auto-domestication hypothesis remains the only viable explanation for the relatively abrupt change from robust to gracile humans in the Late Pleistocene. It invokes the incidental institution of the domestication syndrome in humans, most probably by newly introduced cultural practices. It also postulates that the induction of exograms compensated for the atrophy of the brain caused by domestication. This new explanation of the origins of modernity in humans elucidates practically all its many aspects, in stark contrast to the superseded replacement hypothesis, which explained virtually nothing. The first results of the domestication syndrome’s genetic exploration have become available in recent years, and they endorse the human self-domestication hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"337 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48590814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleospecies as cognitive construct: The meme of “Homo floresiensis”","authors":"R. Eckhardt, M. Henneberg","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Creation and subsequent abandonment of a number of earlier species considered human ancestors: Eoanthropus dawsoni, Hesperopithecus haroldcooki, Homo gardarensis and Ramapithecus punjabicus is presented using cases from the history of science. This review indicates that the fossil evidence for these species has been questionable from the beginning but that mental images – memes – they invoked were attractive to students of human evolution and as such persisted even if not confirmed by further finds, with new research still being disputed. Against this background the status of the recent construction of the hominin species “Homo floresiensis” is discussed showing that despite dubious interpretations of the objective data and a relatively long time of non-confirmation due to paucity of newly discovered skeletal remains, the “species” still exists in minds of scholars and in the scientific literature extending into textbooks.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"317 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41714099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secular changes in human reproduction and assisted reproductive technologies","authors":"A. Saniotis, M. Henneberg","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the middle to late 20th century the majority of children born in the developing world have been likely to enter into post-reproductive age. Currently, child mortality is at its lowest level in human history. While more children are living to post reproductive age, approximately 15% of couples are experiencing infecundity. This is either a result of one or both members of the couple being infecund, or, despite both being fecund, the interaction between them prevents fertility for some reason. Assisted reproductive technologies have provided many infertile couples an opportunity to have children. Assisted reproductive technologies operate by intervening and manipulating gametic and intrauterine natural selection. This paper discusses the possible influence of assisted reproductive technologies on child development. This paper outlines some of the reported changes in children resulting from assisted reproductive technologies. Although, few people are either aware or care about possible long term consequences of relaxed natural selection contributed by medical intervention (i.e. assisted reproductive technologies) we have little understanding to what extent such medical interference may affect long term fitness in humans.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"359 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44242440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in younger school age children’s body weight categories","authors":"Vendula Zbořilová, M. Přidalová, D. Sigmundová","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The issue of inadequate or excessive children’s body weight, particularly in relation to their health, is also discussed by Czech experts in physical anthropology, auxology, paediatrics, endocrinology, etc. Overweight and obesity occur already at a younger school age, and some domestic and foreign sources report a higher prevalence in boys. The objective of this study was to describe distribution range in body weight categories among Czech children of younger school age (6 to 11 years) taking into account age and sex. Our research was carried out at 23 primary schools in 5 regions of the Czech Republic between 2014 and 2018. The research group consisted of 2,099 children aged 6 to 11 years (boys n = 1,015, 48.4%; girls n = 1,084, 51.6%). Probands were subjected to the standard anthropometric examination with body weight being assessed using the following assessment standards: the Czech national growth references, Nationwide Anthropological Survey of Czech Children and Adolescents (NAS), World Health Organisation (WHO) growth standards, and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) references were used. Statistical tests were carried out at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05; residual analysis. According to all three assessment standards, the highest prevalence of children with normal body weight was in both sexes; 45.8% of girls and 48.4% of boys, using the Czech assessment reference. Overweight and obesity were more predominant in boys (7.9% and 8.7%) than in girls (7.7% and 7.5%). One point seven percent of boys and girls were equally underweight, whereas the percentage of girls (22.3%) with reduced body weight was higher than in boys (20.3%). A significant difference between boys and girls was found in the category of reduced body weight in nine-year-old children. Using internationally recommended BMI references, more children fell into the category of normal body weight. Significant differences, in accordance with IOTF, between the number of severely underweight boys and girls were observed in 7-year-olds, slightly underweight in 9- and 11-year-olds, and overweight in 7-year-olds. In accordance with the WHO growth standards, significant differences appeared between eight-year-olds and eleven-year-olds obese boys and girls. Our research study revealed the prevalence in younger school age children body weight categories. Different BMI references were used to classify body weight. Significant differences between the number of boys and girls were observed in certain weight categories in seven-year-old, eight-year-old, nine-year-old and eleven-year-old children. Thus, the study confirmed the presence of differences in the number of boys and girls in specific body weight categories.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"289 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41454139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subjective quality of life of Slovak men with physical disabilities: An age categories differences","authors":"Dagmar Nemček","doi":"10.2478/anre-2021-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The objective of the study was to analyze and compare the subjective quality of life (S-QOL) of Slovak men with physical disabilities through satisfaction with the quality of life domains (QOLDs) and the overall quality of life (QOL) assessment. The sample comprised of men with physical disabilities (n = 132), divided into 4 age categories: 19–29 yrs. (n = 59); 30–44 yrs. (n = 26); 45–59 yrs. (n = 24) and over 60 yrs. (n = 23). The Subjective Quality of Life Analysis (S-QUA-L-A) and The World Health Organisation Quality of Life User Manual (WHOQOL User Manual) were used as primary research methods. The findings of this study confirm differences in S-QOL in one QOLD as well as in the overall QOL between two from four age categories of men with physical disabilities. The 19–29 yrs. old men were significantly more satisfied in their lives with the Physical health domains and declared significantly higher overall QOL compare to 45–59 yrs. men. There were no significant differences found in S-QOL between other pair comparisons of the age categories of men with physical disabilities. The highest satisfaction in all age categories of men was declared by the domains of Social relation and Physical health and the highest dissatisfaction by the Psychological health and Environment domains. It is necessary to continue this line of this research field with stress on exploring the ways of psychological health increase as an integral part of S-QOL in men with physical disabilities. Future research should focus on life indicators that saturate the Environment domain, which should be positively affected in mens’ life.","PeriodicalId":39218,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Review","volume":"84 1","pages":"275 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49388919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}