Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal最新文献

{"title":"Standardization of DNA Residual Quantification Method of Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine for Human Use.","authors":"Janeth Del Carmen Arias Palacios,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Barrero Barreto,&nbsp;José Salvador Montaña Lara,&nbsp;Ángela María Londoño Navas","doi":"10.2174/1874104501711010066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501711010066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Normalize the quantification of residual DNA from Vero cells in the rabies vaccine for use in human VAHV I, by quantitative PCR in real time and the design of primers that amplified, highly repetitive sequences of <i>Cercopithecus aethiops</i> and a constitutive gene according to sequences reported in the GenBank and quantifying the residual DNA in the vaccine VAHV I in three consecutive batches according to the standard set by the World Health Organization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A real time quantitative method based on SYBR Green chemistry has been applied for the quantification of residual DNA (resDNA) using highly repetitive DNA (Alu) and a housekeeping gene (B-actin) as target sequences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sensitivity achieved with this white sequence is within the reported limits and who are between 5 and 50 pg. For real time PCR optimization with Alu-p53, different concentrations of MgCl2 (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 mm) in combination with three different concentrations of primers (75, 100 and 150nM) were used. pDNA in concentration of 1x10⁷ copies / ul was used as template. Optimal concentrations were 1.25 mM MgCl2 and 100nM primers. To level of detection of 1.53 ng/ul was found for p53-Alu and Alu-Glob and 0.39 ng/ul for B-actin with gDNA curves.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Quantification of resDNA of vaccine VAHV I with close-ups of B-actin was normalized. Reached a sensitivity of 30 pg of resDNA/dose VAHV I, with close-ups of B-actin. Found, in three consecutive batches, an amount less than 10 ng/dose, these results suggest that the production process ensures vaccine resDNA removal, meeting international requirements for biological products for use in humans that use continuous cell lines for production.</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"66-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543725/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35445342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity and Apoptosis Related Effects of Benzimidazo [3,2-α] Quinolinium Salts Upon Human Lymphoma Cells.","authors":"Christian Vélez,&nbsp;Jessica Soto,&nbsp;Karoline Ríos,&nbsp;Luz Silva,&nbsp;Wigberto Hernandez,&nbsp;Luis A Rivera,&nbsp;Ana I Ortiz-Colón,&nbsp;Osvaldo Cox,&nbsp;Beatriz Zayas","doi":"10.2174/1874104501711010054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501711010054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study evaluates novel cationic quinoline derivatives known as benzimidazo[3,2-<i>a</i>]quinolinium salts (BQS) named NBQ-48 and ABQ-48 that have structural similarities to known anti-cancer substances such as ellipticine and berberine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Toledo human lymphoma (ATCC CRL2631) cells were treated for 24 to 48 hours. Apoptosis related endpoints such as cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial damage, RNS and ROS generation and the activity of several apoptosis related proteins such as caspases and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were studied using fluorescence staining and western blot respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated a higher toxicity from the amino substituted ABQ-48 versus the NBQ-48 (GI50's of 50uM versus 100uM respectively). Both compounds induced cell death through various apoptosis related endpoints including a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential with an increase in ROS and activation of the effector caspase 3. Interestingly, AIF release was observed on cells treated with the amino substituted ABQ-48 but not on the nitro substituted NBQ-48 samples suggesting a caspase independent mechanism for ABQ-48.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results obtained presents the toxic effects of two novel benzimidazo[3,2-<i>a</i>]quinolinium salts in human lymphoma tumor cells. The identified mechanism of action includes multiple apoptosis related effects. Furthermore the data presents a clear variation in caspase dependent or independent mechanism for each compound.</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"54-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5510565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35369237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Oxadiazolyl, Pyrazolyl and Thiazolyl Derivatives of Thiophene-2-Carboxamide as Antimicrobial and Anti-HCV Agents.","authors":"Ola H Rizk,&nbsp;Omaima G Shaaban,&nbsp;Abeer E Abdel Wahab","doi":"10.2174/1874104501711010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501711010038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Three series of pyrazole, thiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, derivatives were synthesized starting from 5-amino-4-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide <b>(2)</b>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All compounds were investigated for their preliminary antimicrobial activity. They were proved to exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activity against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> with insignificant activity towards Gram positive bacterial strains and fungi.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>In-vitro</i> testing of the new compounds on hepatitis-C virus (HCV) replication in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 infected with the virus utilizing the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) generally showed inhibition of the replication of HCV RNA (-) strands at low concentration, while, eight compounds; <b>3a</b>, <b>6</b>, <b>7a</b>, <b>7b</b>, <b>9a</b>, <b>9b</b>, <b>10a</b> and <b>11b</b> proved to inhibit the replication of HCV RNA (+) and (-) strands at very low concentration range 0.08-0.36 μg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compounds <b>7b</b> and <b>11b</b> displayed the highest anti-HCV and antimicrobial activities in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"38-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874104501711010038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35035784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tacrine, Trolox and Tryptoline as Lead Compounds for the Design and Synthesis of Multi-target Agents for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy.","authors":"Gerard A K Teponnou,&nbsp;Jacques Joubert,&nbsp;Sarel F Malan","doi":"10.2174/1874104501711010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501711010024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The versatile biological activities of tacrine, trolox and β-carboline derivatives make them promising lead structures for the development of multifunctional Alzheimer's disease (AD) agents. Based on the topology of the active site of cholinesterases and other target proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, we have designed and synthesized tacrine-trolox and tacrine-tryptoline hybrids with various linker chain lengths. The hybrids containing the trolox moiety (<b>8a-8d</b>) showed moderate to high <i>Tc</i>AChE inhibition (IC₅₀: 17.37 - 2200 nM), eqBuChE inhibition (IC₅₀: 3.16 - 128.82 nM) and free radical scavenging activities (IC₅₀: 11.48 - 49.23 µM). The hybrids with longer linker chain lengths in general showed better ChE inhibitory activity. As expected, free radical scavenging activities were not significantly affected by varying linker chain lengths. The hybrid compound containing the tryptoline moiety linked with a 7 carbon spacer to tacrine (<b>14</b>) displayed the best AChE and BuChE inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 17.37 and 3.16 nM). Docking experiments exhibited that compounds <b>8d</b> and <b>14</b> were able to bind to both the CAS and PAS of <i>Tc</i>AChE and eqBuChE, suggesting that they will be able to inhibit ChE induced Aβ aggregation. Novel multi-target agents that exhibit good ChE inhibition (<b>8d</b> and <b>14</b>) and anti-oxidant (<b>8d</b>) activity were identified as suitable candidates for further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"24-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/94/ad/TOMCJ-11-24.PMC5418947.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35049756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the Level of ¹⁴C-Labelled Selegiline Following Oral Administration.","authors":"Huba Kalász,&nbsp;Kornélia Tekes,&nbsp;Erzsébet B Faigl,&nbsp;Zita Pöstényi,&nbsp;Eszter Berekméri,&nbsp;Gellért Karvaly,&nbsp;Ernest Adeghate","doi":"10.2174/1874104501711010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501711010001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Selegiline [(-)-deprenyl] is widely used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in humans.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Time-dependence of tissue distribution of selegiline following per os administration to rats.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Oral administration of radiolabeled selegiline to rats resulted in a pattern of tissue distribution similar to that following intraperitoneal injection. Analyses were done using both reversed-phase HPLC and also by counting radioactivity in various body compartments of rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As a consequence of oral administration of 30 mg/kg of selegiline, its level in the stomach was extremely high (179.57 µg/g tissue through 54.67 µg/g at 15 min to 120 min), that is one magnitude higher than that in the serum level. High selegiline concentrations were also detected in the lacrimal glands (7.45 µg/g), kidneys (6.87 µg/g), livers (6.01 µg/g) and lungs (3.47 µg/g) after 30 minutes of application, which were higher than after intraperitoneal injections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The relatively high tissue levels remained for 120 min monitoring. Selegiline levels in the brain (1.69 µg/g) and in the testes (1.88 µg/g) were also considerably higher than following intraperitoneal administration during the entire period of observation (15 to 120 min).</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b3/98/TOMCJ-11-1.PMC5418945.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35049754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Functional Evaluation of Novel Aldose Reductase Inhibitors Bearing a Spirobenzopyran Scaffold.","authors":"Maria Digiacomo,&nbsp;Stefania Sartini,&nbsp;Giulia Nesi,&nbsp;Simona Sestito,&nbsp;Vito Coviello,&nbsp;Concettina La Motta,&nbsp;Simona Rapposelli","doi":"10.2174/1874104501711010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501711010009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, is the key determinant for the pathogenesis of long term diabetic complications. Accordingly, its inhibition represents the major therapeutic strategy to treat this kind of pathologies.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this work we describe the synthesis and the functional evaluation of a number of spiro-oxazolidinone and spiro-morpholinone acetic acid derivatives, and their benzyloxy analogs, developed as aldose reductase inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of them proved to inhibit the target enzyme, showing IC₅₀ values in the micromolar/low micromolar range. SARs observed among the three different series allowed to highlight their key pharmacophoric elements, thus creating sound basis for the design of novel and more effective inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although further substitution patterns are needed, the novel compounds here proposed represent a good starting point for the development of novel and effective ARIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"11 ","pages":"9-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/af/58/TOMCJ-11-9.PMC5418920.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35049755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of The Homocyclotrimer Of 4-Oxo-4h-Thieno[3,4-C]Chromene-3-Diazonium Sulfate.","authors":"Emmanuel Sopbue Fondjo,&nbsp;Djeukoua Dimo Kamal Sorel,&nbsp;Tamokou Jean-de-Dieu,&nbsp;Tsemeugne Joseph,&nbsp;Kouamo Sylvian,&nbsp;Ngouanet Doriane,&nbsp;Chouna Jean Rodolphe,&nbsp;Nkeng-Efouet-Alango Pepin,&nbsp;Kuiate Jules-Roger,&nbsp;Ngongang Ndjintchui Arnaud,&nbsp;Sondengam Beibam Lucas","doi":"10.2174/1874104501610010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501610010021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The in situ formed 4-oxo-4H-thieno[3,4-c]chromene-3-diazonium sulfate (5) in the coupling reactions involving the parent 2-aminothiophene (4) and various phenolic and arylamines' couplers, readily undergoes homocyclotrimerization at low temperature to afford in fairly good yield the first ever reported eighteen member ring heteroaromatic holigomer 6. Compound 6 was fully characterized by its elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and HRMS spectral data. The HMBC and HSQC techniques were used to ascertain the structural assignments. A comparative study on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of compounds 3, 4 and 6 was carried out to assess the SAR due to the transformations (from 3 to 6 via 4) on the tested compounds. It was found that compounds 6 and 4 were respectively the most active compounds against bacteria (MIC = 32-64 μg/ml) and yeasts (MIC = 16-64 μg/ml). Compound 6 also showed high radical-scavenging activities and ferric reducing power when compared with vitamin C and BHT used as reference antioxidants. </p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"10 ","pages":"21-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874104501610010021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34699475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Synthesis of Novel Arylketo-containing P1-P3 Linked Macro-cyclic BACE-1 Inhibitors.","authors":"Veronica Sandgren,&nbsp;Oscar Belda,&nbsp;Ingemar Kvarnström,&nbsp;Jimmy Lindberg,&nbsp;Bertil Samuelsson,&nbsp;Anders Dahlgren","doi":"10.2174/1874104501509010013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501509010013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A series of arylketo-containing P1-P3 linked macrocyclic BACE-1 inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and compared with compounds with a previously known and extensively studied corresponding P2 isophthalamide moiety with the aim to improve on permeability whilst retaining the enzyme- and cell-based activities. Several inhibitors displayed substantial increases in Caco-2 cell-based permeability compared to earlier synthesized inhibitors and notably also with retained activities, showing that this approach might yield BACE-1 inhibitors with improved properties. </p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":" ","pages":"13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/36/cb/TOMCJ-9-13.PMC4412958.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33146715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use & Misuse of Water-filtered Tobacco Smoking Pipes in the World. Consequences for Public Health, Research & Research Ethics.","authors":"Kamal Chaouachi","doi":"10.2174/1874104501509010001","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1874104501509010001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The traditional definition of an \"epidemic\" has been revisited by antismoking researchers. After 400 years, Doctors would have realized that one aspect of an ancient cultural daily practice of Asian and African societies was in fact a \"global \"epidemic\"\". This needed further investigation particularly if one keeps in his mind the health aspects surrounding barbecues.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Here, up-to-date biomedical results are dialectically confronted with anthropological findings, hence in real life, in order to highlight the extent of the global confusion: from the new definition of an \"epidemic\" and \"prevalence\" to the myth of \"nicotine \"addiction\"\" and other themes in relation to water filtered tobacco smoking pipes (WFTSPs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that over the last decade, many publications, -particularly reviews, \"meta-analyses\" and \"systematic reviews\"- on (WFTSPs), have actually contributed to fuelling the greatest mix-up ever witnessed in biomedical research. One main reason for such a situation has been the absolute lack of critical analysis of the available literature and the uncritical use of citations (one seriously flawed review has been cited up to 200 times). Another main reason has been to take as granted a biased smoking robot designed at the US American of Beirut whose measured yields of toxic chemicals may differ dozens of times from others' based on the same \"protocol\". We also found that, for more than one decade, two other main methodological problems are: 1) the long-lived unwillingness to distinguish between use and misuse; 2) the consistent unethical rejection of biomedical negative results which, interestingly, are quantitatively and qualitatively much more instructive than the positive ones.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>the great majority of WFTSP toxicity studies have actually measured, voluntarily or not, their misuse aspects, not the use in itself. This is in contradiction with both the harm reduction and public health doctrines. The publication of negative results should be encouraged instead of being stifled.</p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/61/34/TOMCJ-9-1.PMC4384226.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10481695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress in the Use of Glucagon and Glucagon Receptor Antago-nists in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Mohamed Lotfy,&nbsp;Huba Kalasz,&nbsp;Gyorgy Szalai,&nbsp;Jaipaul Singh,&nbsp;Ernest Adeghate","doi":"10.2174/1874104501408010028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874104501408010028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glucagon is an important pancreatic hormone, released into blood circulation by alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans. Glucagon induces gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, leading to an increase in hepatic glucose production and subsequently hyperglycemia in susceptible individuals. Hyperglucagonemia is a constant feature in patients with T2DM. A number of bioactive agents that can block glucagon receptor have been identified. These glucagon receptor antagonists can reduce the hyperglycemia associated with exogenous glucagon administration in normal as well as diabetic subjects. Glucagon receptor antagonists include isoserine and beta-alanine derivatives, bicyclic 19-residue peptide BI-32169, Des-His1-[Glu9] glucagon amide and related compounds, 5-hydroxyalkyl-4-phenylpyridines, N-[3-cano-6- (1,1 dimethylpropyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothien-2-yl]-2-ethylbutamide, Skyrin and NNC 250926. The absorption, dosage, catabolism, excretion and medicinal chemistry of these agents are the subject of this review. It emphasizes the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and how it could be applied as a novel tool for the management of diabetes mellitus by blocking its receptors with either monoclonal antibodies, peptide and non-peptide antagonists or gene knockout techniques. </p>","PeriodicalId":39133,"journal":{"name":"Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal","volume":"8 ","pages":"28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874104501408010028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33048867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}