Day 3 Wed, November 07, 2018最新文献

{"title":"The Subsea Drake Pipeline: A Challenging Case Study to Check Design Effectiveness Against Drifting Ice Action","authors":"P. Barrette, A. Barker, Enzo Gardin","doi":"10.4043/29175-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29175-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Drake pipeline is located offshore Melville Island, in the Canadian High Arctic. It was built on-site in 1977-78 and connected to a natural gas production well, which operated for only a few months. The well was plugged in 1995 and the pipeline was abandoned. The pipeline extends from the shoreline to the wellhead located about one kilometer offshore to a water depth of 55 meters. It is buried at the shoreline crossing, to a target depth of 1.5 meters below sea bottom. A system to generate a frozen soil shield was also devised for further protection against drifting ice. Also, a berm made from ice and gravel was built at the water line. Field investigations could prove highly instructive to assess the state of the structure, and provide guidelines for design of future pipelines in high risks areas. However, significant technical and logistical challenges would face that venture, namely a ‘no physical contact’ (with the pipeline) restriction from the property owner, which leads to difficulty in understanding what has occurred to the pipeline beneath the soil, and a propensity for the region to be covered with a very thick ice cover.","PeriodicalId":391061,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, November 07, 2018","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125376046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of Detailed Terrain and Geohazard Information for Pipeline and Infrastructure Developments in Arctic Environments","authors":"D. O’Leary, A. Garrigus, T. Krzewinski","doi":"10.4043/29146-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29146-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pipelines and roads represent the arteries of the oil and gas, and mining and transportation industries, respectively. They move product from remote locations to more centralized locations, either for processing or for shipping to refineries and mills for subsequent processing. Proper infrastructure development is critical to the successful development of the sensitive Arctic environment especially true in light of ongoing climate change where the melting of permafrost poses significant issues for development in the Arctic. The harsh Arctic environment presents unique challenges that are not found in more southern latitudes for the oil and gas and transportation sectors, including permafrost and permafrost degradation. It is well acknowledged that the extent of permafrost in northern environments is poorly known and mapped.\u0000 New tools are being used to help determine the extent of permafrost and to identify areas that are more susceptible to permafrost degradation in light of on-going and future development. One such tool is the use of softcopy mapping to help map terrain and geological modifying processes such as permafrost. Softcopy uses traditional stereo aerial photographs in a digital environment to allow scientists the ability to view the landscape at scales of 1:1,000 from traditional aerial photography that were captured at scales of 1:24,000 to 1:40,000. The advantage of softcopy is that by being able to zoom down to such large scales allows terrain scientists the ability to better determine the soil types (sand, silt or clay), drainage conditions (rapid to very poor) and on-going geological processes such as permafrost as evidenced by frost boils and permafrost degradation as evidenced by presence of thermokarst and thaw slides. Another method often utilized where stereo aerial photography is not available is use of remote sensing datasets such high resolution digital elevation models and satellite imagery which are becoming general available in Arctic regions. These elevation models are used to create hillshade images of varying aspects and photorealistic 3D models to help map terrains.\u0000 This paper will present a number of examples of where such mapping has been used to assist in pipeline and infrastructure planning in Alaska and Canada's north.","PeriodicalId":391061,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, November 07, 2018","volume":"401 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131816370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Year Ridge Interaction on Upward Sloping Structures: A New Approach","authors":"K. Croasdale, T. Brown, George Li, W. Spring","doi":"10.4043/29176-MS","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29176-MS","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Numerous field studies show that mature first-year (FY) ridges consist of a solid ice consolidated layer (CL) below which is a keel of ice rubble. The CL is generally thicker than the ambient level ice. With the decrease in multi-year ice in the Arctic, FY ridges may become the controlling ice feature at many Arctic locations. In sub-Arctic regions ridges are smaller but they also usually control design ice loads. For vertical structures, ISO 19906 (Standard on Arctic Offshore Structures) suggests calculating the load due to crushing of the CL and adding this to the load to fail the keel. In ISO a formula is provided for the load to fail the keel on a vertical-face which assumes that the keel material has Mohr-Coulomb properties. No specific algorithms are given in ISO for FY ridge loads on sloping structures. The work described in this paper addresses this gap.\u0000 The study investigated three bounding methods and compared them with the measured loads due to FY ridges on Confederation Bridge (which has piers with upward breaking cones). The three bounding methods are: Model A; which assumes the CL breaks in bending and rides up as level ice and the keel load is calculated assuming a \"dead wedge\" is created on the slope which converts the slope into a vertical face against which the keel fails. This model can make use of the methods in ISO 19906 for calculating these two components and can be considered to be the implied \"current ISO approach\". Model B assumes that the CL layer fails in bending as \"level ice\" on an elastic foundation and rides up the slope with the accompaniment of additional ice rubble scooped-up from the sail and keel of the ridge. Model C assumes that the FY ridge can be idealized into an equivalent \"solid ice\" beam using composite beam theory. Then the beam on elastic foundation method, as used for solid ridges, is used to estimate breaking and clearing loads.\u0000 These various approaches are reviewed and the derived loads are compared to failure modes and measured loads from Confederation Bridge for selected events involving FY ridges. Based on these comparisons a hybrid of Models B and C is recommended and the paper gives the details of how to apply this method.\u0000 When used for example structures, the new model gives loads which are 40 – 50% lower than the current approach implied in ISO 19906. The method can be adapted to downward sloping structures.","PeriodicalId":391061,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, November 07, 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131937721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fully Digitalized Intelligent Completion Solution to Complement Extreme Reservoir Contact Drilling","authors":"V. Gottumukkala, S. Dyer, K. G. Goh, D. Basak, C. Taor","doi":"10.4043/29142-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29142-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The drilling records of Extreme Reservoir Contacts (ERC) like Extended Reached Drilling (ERD) and Multi-Lateral wells(ML) continue to be broken. From the initial limit of MD 10,000ft to now almost 50,000 ft with extended reach depths and from dual-lateral to quad-laterals’ with 40,000-50,000ft reservoir contact. Completions rule of engaging with this type of wells continues to play ‘catch-up'. As a result, getting the full potential out of these extreme wells with limited completions options had always been a challenge. Recent innovation in \"wireless electric connect/disconnect\" technology combined with all electric integrated intelligent completions architecture has addressed these challenges. The well completion design is an all electrical system that provides a multi trip connect/disconnect system enabling seamless communication between upper and lower completions enabling permanent downhole monitoring and control, at the sand face. The highlight of this digital edge solution and deployment architecture enables completions to deploy in ERC wells meeting targeted drilled depths and achieving reservoir goals. The digital enablement provides real time downhole data for permanent production logging and zonal well testing capability while producing. Production and reservoir management is at finger tips of the end user.\u0000 A new innovative down hole electric telemetry enabled data transmission and power to be distributed across multiple sensors like pressure, temperature, water cut and electric flow control valve. Run on a single electrical cable, this digital completion technology with its induction coupling capability continue to complete record-drilling wells and makes today's completions limitations a history. It is now a reality for fully-digitalized Intelligent Completions solution, which can support any well type scenarios; multi-zones, horizontals, multi-laterals and extended reached drilling (ERD), including subsea completions. Each zone can be equipped with a permanent downhole infinite position valve-control, flowmeter, water-cut sensor and/or pressure/temperature gauges. This allows real-time reservoir measurement and supports ‘Dial A Rate’ flow control. Conventional flow control valves depend on hydraulic actuation system, although the technology has worked for decades, it has some inherent limitations such as need for multiple control lines limiting the number of zones, maximum depth of deployment as well the response time of hydraulic systems for very long completions. Electric valves are free from these limitations by design and provides lot more flexibility in the hands of the completion engineer. The multiple sensors measurement and data integration is achieved with a single surveillance, monitoring, diagnostics and valve-optimization production software to ensure real time data streaming, management and bringing insights to production and reservoir engineers for production optimization through remote valve control.\u0000 This digital s","PeriodicalId":391061,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, November 07, 2018","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115348968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ice Model Tests for Ice Loads and Encroachment of Fixed Offshore Structures","authors":"C. Schroeder","doi":"10.4043/29171-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29171-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Different kinds of offshore structures are designed and built to resist the scenarios of the arctic environment. This paper focuses on different ice load scenarios and the challenges for fixed offshore structures. Model test methods will be presented to assess the suitability of the design for the corresponding environmental scenarios. Measurement possibilities will be explained monitoring the design challenges as ice resistance, vibrations and encroachment of ice.\u0000 The feasibility of different ice model test setups will be described and the main observations will be presented. The findings of the general phenomena of the resistance and encroachment will be discussed to assist the design process of offshore structures.","PeriodicalId":391061,"journal":{"name":"Day 3 Wed, November 07, 2018","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132302548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}