Philippine Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Potential of Indigenous Rhizobacteria as Biocontrol Agents of Xanthomonas sp.","authors":"Siti Marfungah, F. Puspita, Budi Tjahjono, Bayo Alhusaeri Siregar, Abdul Gafur","doi":"10.56899/152.05.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.02","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas sp. is one of the main diseasesof eucalypt plants. The utilization of rhizobacteria to manage diseases in other agriculturalecosystems has been reported. This study aims to select and characterize rhizobacteria fromthe rhizospheric zones of Eucalyptus pellita with antagonistic nature against Xanthomonas sp.and to identify isolates that have the best potential as biocontrol agents in the Eucalyptus–Xanthomonas pathosystem. The research was conducted in-vitro. The antagonism test wasarranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Characteristics ofantagonistic rhizobacteria were examined based on their ability as plant growth-promotingbacteria (PGPR). Identification of potential rhizobacteria was performed based on 16S rRNAsequences. There were 14 isolates showing antagonistic activities against Xanthomonas sp. Theresults showed that the rhizobacteria had significant antagonistic impacts against the pathogen.Characterization of the 14 isolates indicated that all isolates produced siderophores and indoleacetic acid (IAA). As many as 13 isolates produced protease, eight isolates were able to dissolvephosphate, and three isolates synthesized hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The isolate with the highestinhibitory effect was isolate RE081, whose activity was classified as very strong. The RE81isolate also showed the best properties in the HCN test (+++), IAA production (19,29 mg L–1),and the ability to dissolve phosphates. Molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene disclosed thatRE81 is Pseudomonas aeruginosa (100%).","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inheritance Pattern of Huntington’s Disease, a Multiplayer Game","authors":"Yvette Fajardo-Lim","doi":"10.56899/152.05.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.01","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is one of several major developments of game theory. EGTcovers ecology and population genetics, among other fields in biology. Most studies in EGTwere on a two-player game but non-linearities in biology often occur that need to be considered.Huntington's disease (HD), named after the person who wrote the first detailed description ofthe disease in 1872, is a neurodegenerative disease that is inherited. This is a case in populationgenetics, which follows the inheritance pattern called the dominant lethal. In this study, wepresented this disease as a multiplayer game among the alleles of the HD gene. We utilizedGokhale and Traulsen’s model, wherein a payoff matrix for a four-player game was reducedinto a payoff matrix for a two-player game. Depending on the fitness values of each genotype,we have determined that populations consisting of both Huntington and normal alleles mayconverge to either a purely Huntington, a purely normal, or a mixed composition where bothtypes of genes coexist. If the normal genotype produces more surviving offspring than the othergenotypes, then even if a small frequency of normal alleles is injected into a purely Huntingtonpopulation, the population will be replaced by the normal genotype over time. Such a result wasobtained using replicator dynamics and analysis of the stability of equilibrium points. Similaranalyses on other genotypes were provided in relation to the inheritance pattern of HD.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139361781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Biochar from Coconut Husks for Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Water","authors":"Cong Minh Vo, Thi Be Lien Nguyen, Thi Thuy Nguyen, Thi Kim Phung Le, Nhat Huy Nguyen","doi":"10.56899/152.05.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.05.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the production, characterization, and application of biochar from coconuthusks as an effective and cheap adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals (i.e. Pb, Fe, Mn,and Cr) in water. The biochar was produced by pyrolysis of coconut husk at 600 °C in oxygen-free conditions and then characterized by various surface analysis technologies to explore itsphysical and chemical properties. In the metal adsorption test, the produced biochar gave highmetal removal performance with maximum adsorption capacities of 95.24 mgPb2+/g, 40.16mgFe2+/g, 35.46 mgCr6+/g, and 23.09 mgMn2+/g under pH 5, 4.5, 2, and 5.5, respectively. Studiesin kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and mechanism were then conducted to understandthe adsorption process of metal ions in water using coconut husk biochar.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Monitoring for Parasitologic Status for Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis Control Programs with Nutritional Status of Pre-school and School Age Children in Selected Municipalities in Northern Leyte, the Philippines","authors":"V. Belizario, J. Medina, Carlo R Lumangaya, June Rose A Naig, Agnes Cuayzon","doi":"10.56899/152.04.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.14","url":null,"abstract":"The periodic collection of parasitologic and morbidity indicators is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to monitor schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) control programs. In 2017, the DOH-CHD VIII (Department of Health–Center for Health Development Region 8 Office) – in collaboration with UP-NTDSG (the University of the Philippines Neglected Tropical Diseases Study Group) – conducted a monitoring activity aimed at determining [1] the prevalence and intensity of SCH and STH; [2] seroprevalence of SCH; and [3] prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting, and anemia in pre-school-age children (PSAC) and school-age children (SAC) in selected municipalities in the province of Northern Leyte, the Philippines as part of monitoring the local implementation of SCH and STH control programs. Stool samples were collected, processed using the Kato-Katz technique, and examined through microscopy. Blood specimens collected from SAC were tested for the presence of Schistosoma japonicum antibody using the IgG ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit. Data on anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels were collected with adherence to WHO guidelines. Secondary analysis of the gathered data showed that SCH prevalence in SAC was 3.1%, but SCH seroprevalence was 83.1%. Although STH prevalence met the national target of < 50%, heavy-intensity STH prevalence remained higher than the global target of < 2%. The overall prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were 19.2, 38.0, and 10.6%, respectively. STH was significantly associated with stunting in PSAC (p = 0.030) and anemia in SAC (p = 0.033). The monitoring activity demonstrated the utility of an integrated monitoring scheme for SCH and STH control programs and nutrition programs at the local level. This model can be adopted for optimization and utilization by national programs for monitoring and may likewise benefit local government units for purposes of policy and planning.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86664445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identity and Phenotypic Variability of a Passion Fruit Cultivar in Lucban, Quezon Province, Philippines","authors":"J. Presas, Krizz Audrie D. Trinidad, N. O. Borines, Wilfredo B. Barrera","doi":"10.56899/152.04.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.20","url":null,"abstract":"The passion fruit cultivar in Lucban, Quezon, Philippines is poorly described. To address this knowledge gap, this study characterized the phenotypic features and variability that exists in the plantation of passion fruit in Lucban. A total of 68 morpho-agronomic descriptors (32 quantitative and 36 qualitative) were used for the characterization. The results showed that the distinguishing characteristics of the cultivar were light green branch color, long and wide leaf with trilobate division and nectaries on the petiole, campanulate hypanthium, wavy corona filament, nectaries on the sepal, white color of the perianth and corona ring filaments with deep purple color at the base, and yellow peel and pulp color. Based on these characteristics, this study confirmed that the identity of the passion fruit cultivar is Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener. Some notable variants were observed – including purplish green branches, scarce anthocyanin on the reproductive parts, and fruit with oval fruit shape and lenticels arranged in a striated pattern. The scaled principal component analysis identified nine principal components (PCs) that explain at least 80% of the total variation in quantitative characters, whereas three PCs explain about 78% of the total variation in qualitative characters. Further characterization using molecular markers could be done to supplement the results of this study. Nevertheless, the results are significant for reintroduction, pre-breeding, and ex situ conservation of passion fruit germplasm.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80489319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of Red, Brown, and Green Macroalgae from Dato Beach, Majene, Indonesia as Natural Food Preservative","authors":"A. Sari, G. M. Nurdin, Ari Ariandi, B. Manguntungi, A. Z. Mustopa","doi":"10.56899/152.04.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.17","url":null,"abstract":"Macroalgae is one of the natural resources present in Indonesian coastline areas – specifically in Dato Beach, Majene, South Sulawesi. The abundance of macroalgae found in Dato Beach can be utilized in various sectors – including health, cosmetics, and food. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites of three types of macroalgae in Dato Beach and their potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in food. The three macroalgae utilized in this study were Turbinaria decurrens (brown algae), Galaxaura rugosa (red algae), and Halimeda opuntia (green algae) representing the three groups of macroalgae based on their dominant pigments. Four types of pathogenic bacteria – namely, Staphyloccus aureus and Bacillus cereus as Gram-positive bacteria plus Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria – were collected from the Biology Laboratory at Universitas Sulawesi Barat, as these bacteria are commonly responsible for food spoilage. The study began with a sampling of macroalgae, followed by cleaning and drying, and subsequently extraction using methanol as the solvent. Methanol was chosen as the universal solvent for its ability to extract both polar and nonpolar components. Phytochemical screening was carried out to test for the presence of flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids, and alkaloids, which represent the three groups of secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial test was carried out using the well diffusion method, as a control used 80 ppm of ampicillin. The results of the study indicated that T. decurrens contains flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids, G. rugosa contains flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids, whereas H. opuntia only contains terpenoids and alkaloids. Furthermore, G. rugosa was found to have the best ability to inhibit bacteria, with an inhibition zone ranging from 22–23 mm; in some treatments, the diameter of the inhibition zone was even larger than the positive control. T. decurrens was only effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, whereas H. opuntia demonstrated the potential to inhibit the growth of S. aureus and E. coli, and for B. cereus and S. typhi, it could only be inhibited by 100% (1000 μL) extract of the H. opuntia extract.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82525928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity Conservation in Mining Landscapes: a Systematic Review of Assessment Approaches in the Philippines","authors":"Bernard Peter Olanga Daipan, Crusty E. Tinio, N. Pampolina","doi":"10.56899/152.04.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.15","url":null,"abstract":"Mining is an important sector of the Philippine economy, but it often results in negative impacts on biodiversity. To mitigate these impacts, it is crucial to assess biodiversity in mining areas and integrate conservation efforts into mining operations. As part of the national policy guidelines on biodiversity compliance for mining companies, this study has conducted a systematic review to examine the various biodiversity assessment methods, tools, sampling designs, diversity parameters, values, and indices used in the Philippines' mining sites. Search engines and research databases were utilized in identifying diversity assessment-related research. Based on the eligibility criteria, only 25 of the 100 papers downloaded and two project terminal reports were eligible and considered in the review. It was found that authors commonly used transect line and quadrat methods for floral studies and transect line, mist netting, point count, and opportunistic sampling for faunal studies. Species abundance, relative abundance, dominance, frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, percent cover, and importance value were the most frequently assessed biodiversity parameters, whereas the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson index, species richness, and evenness were the most commonly used indices. Endemism, economic importance, invasiveness, and conservation status were additional factors evaluated. Overall, this review provides an overview of the various biodiversity assessment methods used in the country's mining areas and offers guidance for future assessments in other mining landscapes. The limited number of studies related to biodiversity assessment in mining areas in the Philippines over the last decade highlights the urgent need for more research in this field.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86125158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of Bamboo Witches’ Broom Disease in Various Bamboo Species in the Philippines and Molecular Identification of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae'-related Strain 16SrVIII","authors":"L. Dolores, Joanne A. Langres, Cris Q. Cortaga, M. CAASI-LIT","doi":"10.56899/152.04.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.13","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboo is used for making structures, furniture, handicrafts, and ropes, as well as a source of food in the Philippines. One of the emerging diseases of bamboo in the country is the bamboo witches’ broom (BWB), which has been occasionally noted in three genera of bamboo – including Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, and Schizostachyum from various provinces in the Philippines (Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, and South Cotabato) since the 1990s. However, studies and information about BWB in the country remain lacking and largely unexplored. In this study, we report a similar disease affecting Dendrocalamus and Gigantochloa bamboo species from Bohol and Davao and – for the first time – in Dendrocalamus merrillianus (\"bayog\") and Bambusa spinosa (\"kawayan-tinik\") from Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya. As a result of the surveys conducted from 1999–2019, the disease is now identified in six species across four genera of bamboo – namely, Gigantochloa spp. (G. levis and G. atter), Dendrocalamus spp. (D. asper and D. merrillianus), Schizostachyum lumampao, and Bambusa spinosa recorded in 11 provinces in the Philippines. The BWB symptoms include clustering of leaves forming a rosette-like structure, leaf proliferation, excessive limb formation from a single node, and shortening of internodes. Nested PCR using the universal primers P1/P7 and R16MF2/R1 targeting the phytoplasma 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed positive amplification in five symptomatic BWB samples from Isabela, Philippines. Subsequent sequencing (~ 1.3kbp) and phylogenetic analysis using the representative BWB isolates from Isabela revealed > 98.65% genetic similarity and clustering to Candidatus Phytoplasma luffae, which belongs to the 16SrVIII group (Loofah Witches’ Broom Group). This paper determined the distribution of BWB in different species of bamboo in the Philippines, as well as the association of 'Ca. Phytoplasma luffae'-related strain (16SrVIII) to BWB.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73801308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volatiles Fingerprinting of Aromatic Rice Cultivars for Varietal Discrimination Using Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector","authors":"Michael E. Serafico, F. Sevilla","doi":"10.56899/152.04.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.16","url":null,"abstract":"Aromatic rice has become an important commodity in global trade and commands a market price much higher than that of ordinary rice; thus, evaluation and monitoring of its authenticity have become a major concern among consumers and traders. Mass spectrometry, olfactometry, and flame photometry have been incorporated with gas chromatography to differentiate rice varieties. However, these systems are complex, expensive, and time-consuming. This study investigated the combination of headspace gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID) with multivariate data analysis for the chemometric differentiation of aromatic rice. The seven cultivars Basmati, Dinorado, Jasmine, Milagrosa, NSIC Rc148, Rc342, and Rc344 were characterized by different volatile patterns. Differences in the concentrations of volatiles were found to be useful in differentiating the varieties based on patterns and clusters generated through principal components analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), respectively. Visual patterns from the PCA prove that the technique was able to accurately classify (non-error rate ≈ 95%) the samples into different varieties. Correspondingly, AHC generated three clusters: [Group I, imported] Basmati, Jasmine, and NSIC Rc342 (in-bred rice with Jasmine parental line); [Group II, in-bred] NSIC Rc148 and Rc344; and [Group III, traditional Philippine rice] Dinorado and Milagrosa. Results demonstrated that chemometric analysis of HS-GC/FID chromatograms can be a reliable technique of high potential to discriminate aromatic rice samples based on their volatile fingerprints. The study provided a possible inexpensive and non-destructive alternative that has not been explored before to assess the authenticity of rice varieties using an existing analytical platform.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82854899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Bio- and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth and Soil Microbial Population of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Seedlings","authors":"Kristel Victoria, N. Aggangan","doi":"10.56899/152.04.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56899/152.04.18","url":null,"abstract":"A comparative study was done to determine the growth, microbial population, and physico- chemical properties on UF18 cacao (Theobroma cacao) seedlings when treated with chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers, either applied singly or in combination. The experimental design was randomized completely block design with five seedlings per treatment per block. Treatments used were: control, ½ recommended rate of chemical (RRC) fertilizer, RRC, MYKORICH®, MYKOCAP®, ½ RRC + MYKORICH®, ½ RRC + MYKOCAP®, RRC + MYKORICH®, and RRC + MYKOCAP®. MYKORICH® and MYKOCAP® contain 12 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from stressed environments. The results showed that plant growth and physico-chemical properties were significantly improved by the application of biofertilizer than by chemical fertilizer. MYKORICH® treatment gave the highest spore count and is highly significant (p < 0.05) as compared to the other treatments with spore count ranging from 41–115.5/ 50 g soil. In terms of nitrogen-fixing bacteria count, ½ RRC treatment gave the highest (16.9 CFU x 10–5 g soil–1) bacterial count. RRC + MYKORICH® inoculation gave the highest values for most of the soil physico-chemical analysis (pH, P, K, and CEC). The positive response of cacao seedlings to mycorrhizal inoculation with or without chemical fertilizer provides a useful criterion in other agricultural lands throughout the country for crop production and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":39096,"journal":{"name":"Philippine Journal of Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90345318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}