Advances in Transportation Studies最新文献

{"title":"Advanced Driving Simulators as a Tool in Early Development Phases of New Active Safety Functions","authors":"Martin Fischer, Håkan Sehammar, M. L. Aust, Martin Nilsson, Nenad Lazic, Henrik Weiefors","doi":"10.4399/978885484657916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/978885484657916","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a platform for flexible hardware- and model-in-the-loop integration of driver assistance systems in a driving simulator environment. The new platform combines the capabilities of a full-scale vehicle electrical systems test environment with the driver interaction evaluation capabilities of an advanced driving simulator. This enables faster development cycles for driver assistance systems by allowing easy transition between simulation configurations used in the development process (e.g. Software-in-the-Loop and Hardware-in-the-Loop) and, crucially, includes the driving simulator as a key part in all stages of the process. The presented integrated test environment enables easy and fast adaptation to include different driver assistance systems of varying degrees of development maturity and functional integration in an advanced driving simulator. Generic interfaces guarantee flexibility and the architecture enables scalability of the development environment for new functions, ranging from desktop simulation to advanced driving simulators. In this integrated test facility even complex interactive full system tests of potential dangerous scenarios can be easily repeated. As an example a test scenario for a system with autonomous steer intervention will be presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"171-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How traffic conditions affect driver behavior in passing maneuver","authors":"F. Bella","doi":"10.4399/978885484657911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/978885484657911","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reports the outcome of an experimental study carried out using an interactive foxed-based driving simulator. The research was aimed at analyzing the driver behavior in passing maneuver for different traffic conditions on two lane rural roads. A two-lane rural road of more than 8 km in length was designed and implemented in the driving simulator. The alignment was designed with tangents from 200 to 1000 m long, clothoids and curves with radii from 215 to 1000 m. Four different traffic conditions in terms of traffic volume and speeds of opposing vehicles and impeding vehicle were simulated. Thirty-two drivers drove in the simulator on the four scenarios. The data collected during the driving was analyzed in order to determine the following parameters of passing behavior: (a) following gap between the passing vehicle and the impeding vehicle at the beginning of the passing; (b) distance of passing; and (c) Time to Collision between the passing vehicle and the oncoming vehicle at the end of the maneuver. The influence of the traffic conditions on such parameters was evaluated. Potential applications of the obtained results include the modeling of driver behavior and the passing sight distance design criteria.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"113-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between heart rate reactivity and driving performance under dual task demands in late middle age drivers","authors":"Bruce Mehler, B. Reimer, A. Pohlmeyer, J. Coughlin","doi":"10.4399/97888548259876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548259876","url":null,"abstract":"Physiological indices of arousal generally increase when heightened demands are placed on an individual's cognitive resources. As a consequence, measures such as heart rate are frequently used as one method of assessing changes in workload. In a simulation study with young adult (19-23 yrs.) and late middle age (51-66 yrs.) drivers, heart rate responses were compared during a variety of dual task conditions along with driving and task performance data. During two of the tasks in which younger participants showed significant heart rate acceleration, older drivers, as a group, showed little or no change in heart rate. In this paper we present data on a more detailed analysis of the relationship between heart rate change and performance during one of the dual load conditions, a continuous performance task (CPT). The sample was subdivided into individuals who showed a substantive heart rate acceleration response during the task vs. those who showed little change or heart rate deceleration. Of the 18 younger and 15 older adults in the analysis, 56% of the younger and 27% of the older individuals fell into the heart rate acceleration category. Heart rate response did not correlate with performance on the CPT in the younger subjects. In the older subjects, however, the heart rate acceleration group scored significantly higher on the CPT than those who did not exhibit a pattern of heart rate acceleration. In addition to lower performance on the CPT task, older adults in the non-acceleration group showed a significant drop in driving speed, which is generally interpreted as a compensatory response employed to manage total workload. Overall, the late middle aged drivers who showed a heart rate accelerative response during the CPT task performed better on both the primary and secondary tasks than those that did not. The increase in heart rate in the late middle age drivers in this instance could serve as marker for a variety of important performance mediating variables including relative engagement in the task, availability of resources to invest in the dual tasks, attentional style, or overall flexibility of response. The results suggest the potential value of looking at differences in individual patterns of response in driving behavior studies in addition to overall group behavior. The presence of subtypes of heart rate responders, and the observed performance differences between subtypes in this paradigm, illustrate the importance of these considerations. Other heart rate patterning data from the literature is considered and suggestions for future investigation offered.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70744982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Initial Development of a Low-Cost Method for Predicting the Disruption of Glances Towards In-Vehicle Information Systems","authors":"A. Irune, G. Burnett","doi":"10.4399/97888548259873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548259873","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will discuss how for in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) such as navigation and communication systems, designers must aim to understand user requirements early and evaluate these systems in an iterative fashion. Given that IVIS typically use complex visual displays, it will be critical to understand the visual demand of their interfaces and the subsequent effect on driver performance. System designers and car manufacturers require cost effective, valid, predictive methods to use in the design process of IVIS. Although methods such as the occlusion technique lane change test and peripheral detection are available, they all possess drawbacks that hinder their practical use in the real world (e.g. need for proprietary software and hardware). In addition, none of the methods available provide a surrogate measure of glance duration. This is vital for identifying interfaces that encourage prolonged exposure to risk (i.e. long glances away from the road scene). Glance duration seems to be the most promising ocular-based indicator of attention. Rockwell found there was a correlation between exposure to risk and average glance duration. Wierwille, Green, Tijerina, Farber, Greenberg have suggested that, IVIS task should be accomplished in separate incremental steps with glance durations typically less than 2 seconds. A study was conceived to develop a preliminary approach to predicting secondary task demands based on primary task performance, with specific focus on glance duration. This approach draws on the visual alternating aspect of the occlusion method (i.e. switching from occluded to non-occluded periods) whilst incorporating a primary loading task (PLT) within the occluded period. By including a task in the occluded periods, the PLT approach aims to prevent people rehearsing their suspended goals, therefore ensuring the disruptive effect of the occluded cycle. Ten participants performed a range of secondary tasks (ST) while attending to a PLT. They were requested to alternate their vision between the PLT and the ST. The PLT, containing key components of the driving task (i.e. visual spatial search) occurred as part of a slide show presented on a screen monitor placed directly in front of the driver. The secondary task was performed on a separate screen monitor placed to the left of the driver, within the vehicle’s centre console. The secondary task was designed to promote glances with a wide range of durations. A positive relationship was found between the number of PLTs missed in a sequence and the mean ST glance duration (R= 0.01). These promising results highlight the potential for the use of PLT performance as a surrogate measure for glance duration. Further work is aiming to develop and validate this method by considering a range of real world in-vehicle tasks (e.g. satellite navigation task: destination entry, POI entry etc.) and comparing results with simulator trials.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70744888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}