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Moving U.S. Climate Policy Forward: Are Carbon Taxes the Only Good Alternative? 推动美国气候政策向前发展:碳税是唯一好的选择吗?
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2011-02-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1767316
I. Parry, Roberton C. Williams
{"title":"Moving U.S. Climate Policy Forward: Are Carbon Taxes the Only Good Alternative?","authors":"I. Parry, Roberton C. Williams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1767316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1767316","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the welfare costs of the main medium-term options for significantly reducing U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems applied economy-wide and to the power sector only, and an emissions rate standard for power generation. The key theme is that welfare costs depend importantly on how policies interact with distortions in the economy created by the broader fiscal system. If allowance rent is not used to increase economic efficiency, economy-wide cap-and-trade systems perform the worst on cost-effectiveness grounds. In contrast, if revenues are used to substitute for distortionary income taxes (either directly, or indirectly through deficit reduction), economy-wide carbon taxes (or auctioned allowance systems) may have (slightly) negative costs. The bottom line is that revenues or rents created under economy-wide, market-based carbon policies must be used to increase economic efficiency to ensure that these instruments are more cost-effective than regulatory or sectoral approaches.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129648157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 38
The BP Blowout and the Social and Environmental Erosion of the Louisiana Coast 英国石油公司的井喷和路易斯安那海岸的社会和环境侵蚀
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2011-01-14 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1740844
D. Farber
{"title":"The BP Blowout and the Social and Environmental Erosion of the Louisiana Coast","authors":"D. Farber","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1740844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1740844","url":null,"abstract":"The BP Oil Spill was yet another blow to already threatened human and biological communities. It would be hard to think of a more challenging venue for addressing environmental problems. The mix of problems is forbidding, including rapidly eroding wetlands, climate change, endangered species, and a gigantic aquatic dead zone. These problems have mostly been the subject of not-so-benign neglect, akin to the regulatory neglect that cumulated in the disastrous BP Oil Spill.The political problems are also daunting. Five states border the Gulf, of which two are among the nation’s poorest and least environmentally sensitive. Another thirty states contribute to the hypoxia problem. The oil industry has been a major contributor to the problems and exercises great political clout in the region and nationally. In short, the term “collective action problem” does not begin to explain the economic and political complexities.The BP Oil Spill itself may indirectly assist in improving the situation. Through cy pres settlements, voluntary payments by BP, and perhaps civil penalties, the spill may provide funding to strengthen the institutional and scientific foundation for environmental regulation. The spill has already helped strengthen NEPA in its application to offshore oil and gas projects, and it could help revitalize CZMA. The Gulf’s problems are a preview of the difficulties we are likely to face in this century, with eroding coasts and wetlands and ecological disruption threatening coastal communities and their livelihoods. By beginning to focus on the problems of the Gulf, we will obtain valuable expertise with applications in other parts of the United States and in places around the world.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127713595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
The First Year of the G-20 Commitment on Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: A Commentary on Lessons Learned and the Path Forward 二十国集团化石燃料补贴承诺的第一年:对经验教训和前进道路的评论
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2011-01-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1773431
K. Lang
{"title":"The First Year of the G-20 Commitment on Fossil-Fuel Subsidies: A Commentary on Lessons Learned and the Path Forward","authors":"K. Lang","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1773431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1773431","url":null,"abstract":"In September 2009, the G-20 announced a medium-term commitment to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, distort markets, impede investments in clean energy sources and undermine efforts to address climate change. Since that announcement, there has been a flurry of activity leading to a growing international movement to remove harmful fossil-fuel subsidies. But the task of phasing out these subsidies is challenging and takes time. Much remains to be done by the G-20 to fulfil their medium-term commitment, including monitoring the phase-out of subsidies identified for reform. The GSI offers a commentary on the first year of the G-20’s commitment and the actions of other governments and organizations that have contributed to the reform movement, including the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the Friends of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform group of countries. It identifies lessons that can be learned and looks ahead at what further progress the G-20 and international community can make to enhance global and national efforts to reduce fossil-fuel subsidies.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128226069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Wasting Energy: Waste-to-Energy’s Struggle Highlights America’s Failure to Incentivize Renewable Energy 浪费能源:废物转化为能源的斗争凸显了美国未能激励可再生能源
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-12-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1974171
Michael R. Diamond
{"title":"Wasting Energy: Waste-to-Energy’s Struggle Highlights America’s Failure to Incentivize Renewable Energy","authors":"Michael R. Diamond","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1974171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974171","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that waste-to-energy’s stagnation in the U.S. illustrates the failure of state-based renewable energy portfolio standards to efficiently incentivize the growth of renewable energy. The absence of a federal renewable energy standard and resultant patchwork of state-based regimes has left the country with no consistent definition of “renewable energy.�? Consequently, developers of certain energy technologies are uncertain as to whether their product will qualify as “renewable,�? and thus are unable to confidently invest the millions of dollars needed to deploy these technologies. Using waste-to-energy as a case study, this paper argues that a national renewable portfolio standard, defining “renewable energy�? consistently and inclusively, would help to create a maximally efficient renewable energy market.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121027072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Energy Prices and Alberta Government Revenue Volatility 能源价格与艾伯塔省政府收入波动
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-11-04 DOI: 10.7939/R3WV5F
Stuart Landon, Constance E. Smith
{"title":"Energy Prices and Alberta Government Revenue Volatility","authors":"Stuart Landon, Constance E. Smith","doi":"10.7939/R3WV5F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7939/R3WV5F","url":null,"abstract":"Alberta government needs a revamped resource revenue stabilization fund to overcome the effects of wild swings in resource revenue and spending.Energy prices change substantially and unpredictably, causing revenue planning trouble for the Alberta government. Adjusting to these movements typically involves economic, social, and political costs that need to be factored into the government’s fiscal outlook. The best option for handling this is a resource revenue stabilization fund that collects a fixed proportion of resource revenue each year, and funds the provincial budget each year with a fixed share of the fund’s assets.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122253260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
The Policy Switch Needed to Avert Australia’s Looming Energy Crisis 澳大利亚需要改变政策以避免迫在眉睫的能源危机
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-10-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1689169
Lynne Chester
{"title":"The Policy Switch Needed to Avert Australia’s Looming Energy Crisis","authors":"Lynne Chester","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1689169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1689169","url":null,"abstract":"Australia faces an energy crisis due to an overwhelming reliance on the market to deliver its’ energy needs. It is becoming increasingly evident that the market will not provide adequate generation capacity to meet the growing demand for electricity whilst delivering increasingly unaffordable electricity for more and more Australian households, creating a new form of deprivation called energy poverty. Political indecision on substantive, albeit market-based, policy responses to climate change further threatens Australia’s long term energy security as does a wide range of contradictory and poorly designed public policies. An energy crisis can be averted with timely political decisions to adjust a handful of core policies and establish a holistic policy framework to deliver adequate, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy to all, not a few, Australians.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125351993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What are the Prospects of an Alternative Fuel in Meeting the Rising Demand of Fossil Fuel? A Case for Biofuels 替代燃料在满足日益增长的化石燃料需求方面的前景如何?生物燃料的案例
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-05-14 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1664782
Kingsley Chigozie Onuoha
{"title":"What are the Prospects of an Alternative Fuel in Meeting the Rising Demand of Fossil Fuel? A Case for Biofuels","authors":"Kingsley Chigozie Onuoha","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1664782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1664782","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in biofuels is growing worldwide as concerns about the rising demand of fossil fuels, security of energy supply and climate change are moving into the focus of policy makers. In recent times, attention has been drawn to finding alternatives to fossil fuels to cushion the rising world demand for energy. Despite strong interest in this sector, there are currently few players all over the world. With the exception of bioethanol from Brazil, however, production costs of biofuels are relatively higher than those of fossil fuels. As a result, promotion of bioenergy becomes a problem. With no particular focus on any country, this paper discusses the economic justification of biofuel promotion, and investigates the cost of production. Based on available data and information, we found that substantial biofuel usage induces significant financial costs. Yet, if carefully implemented under the appropriate conditions, biofuels might present opportunities for certain developing countries.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122367377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Legal and Market Uncertainty in Market-Based Instruments: The Case of the EU ETS 基于市场的金融工具中的法律和市场不确定性:以欧盟排放交易体系为例
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-04-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1596016
Giuseppe Dari�?Mattiacci, Josephine A. W. van Zeben
{"title":"Legal and Market Uncertainty in Market-Based Instruments: The Case of the EU ETS","authors":"Giuseppe Dari�?Mattiacci, Josephine A. W. van Zeben","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1596016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1596016","url":null,"abstract":"‘Legal uncertainty’ is the uncertainty experienced by the parties to a lawsuit with respect to the outcome of litigation. When the consequences of a judgment extend to third parties, legal uncertainty can spread into markets and become ‘market uncertainty’. Thus, market uncertainty has relevant and pervasive consequences not only for the litigants but also for unrelated third parties. We argue that certain types of legal remedies cause the transformation from legal uncertainty into market uncertainty. This problem is particular to ‘artificial markets’, such as those created by the legislator for the purposes of marketbased regulation, e.g. the European Union Emission Trading System (“EU ETS�?). Specifically, market uncertainty is a likely consequence of the use of restitutio in integrum (a property-rule remedy) as opposed to the use of damages (a liability-rule remedy). Recent litigation within the EU ETS provides a clear example of both the mechanisms of transmission of legal uncertainty to the market and of its causes. We identify the costs of letting legal uncertainty turn into market uncertainty and examine possible solutions to this problem.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129280035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Gaining Traction: The Importance of Transparency in Accelerating the Reform of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies 获得动力:透明度在加速化石燃料补贴改革中的重要性
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-04-22 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.1594183
T. Laan
{"title":"Gaining Traction: The Importance of Transparency in Accelerating the Reform of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies","authors":"T. Laan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1594183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1594183","url":null,"abstract":"Transparency is the cornerstone of holding governments accountable for the ways in which they spend public money. As governments increasingly recognize that subsidizing fossil fuels undermines climate change, energy security and sustainable development objectives, good data and analysis will be vital for prioritising reform efforts and monitoring their effectiveness. This paper addresses the role that increased transparency could play in fossil-fuel subsidy reform and specifically asks what information and mechanisms are needed to support the G-20 and APEC calls for reform? As part of her analysis, Tara Laan considers the role of many of the inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations that currently contribute to the field and discusses options for developing a collaborative and comprehensive international system for evaluating and reporting fossil-fuel subsidies. The paper concludes that two track approach is necessary: domestic action to improve accounting and reporting, and international action to develop a new data gathering and management regime.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122521631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Securing Natural Gas to the EU from the Caspian Sea Region: Between Markets and Geopolitics 确保从里海地区向欧盟输送天然气:市场与地缘政治之间的关系
Energy Law & Policy eJournal Pub Date : 2010-03-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1589761
Rikke Broendum
{"title":"Securing Natural Gas to the EU from the Caspian Sea Region: Between Markets and Geopolitics","authors":"Rikke Broendum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1589761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1589761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the current problems related to security of natural gas supply in the EU. Analysing the Nabucco pipeline, it argues that the EU is balancing between a market and a geopolitical approach to energy security. For this reason, the EU is not capable of securing a sufficient amount of gas from producer states, particularly in the Caspian Sea region.","PeriodicalId":388507,"journal":{"name":"Energy Law & Policy eJournal","volume":"169 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121801699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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