Biotropia最新文献

{"title":"Antagonistic Effect of Yeast, Acetic Acid Bacteria and Mangosteen Rind Extract on Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Unfermented Cocoa Beans","authors":"O. N. Aflatoxigenic, I. N. Unfermented, Cocoa Beans, N. Nurfadila","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1362","url":null,"abstract":"Yeasts and bacteria are two of common biocontrol agents to control mycotoxigenic fungi. Meanwhile, the mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and gartanin compounds for antioxidant, antiproliferation, antiinflammation, antimicrobial, and anticancer. The objectives of this research were to test the effects of yeasts, acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and mangosteen rind extract on the aflatoxigenic A.ybegillz1sj7av.w growth and aflatoxin production in unfermented cocoa beans. Four yeast isolates, i.e., I~satcbenkia orientalis (lo) BIO 211291, 286 and 288, and Endomyces fbulger (E! BIO 132219; one bacteria isolate of Acetobacter aceti (Aa) FNCC0016; and mangosteen rind extract (MRE) were tested for their capabilities in inhibiting an aflatoxigenic A.javus (Afj BIO 3361/747 growth using the well method (in vitro). Two types of yeast (10 BIO 211291 and 288) were combined with A a and MRE in cocoa beans (in vivo). Aflatoxin production was analyzed using Thin h y e r Cbromathograph_v (TLC). The results showed that interaction of l o BIO 211291 and 288, and EfBIO 132219 on aflatoxigenic Af were interaction with inhibition zone > 2 mm (type D), while the interaction type of l o BIO 211286 on Afwere mutual intermingling growth, where both fungi grew into each other without any macroscopic sign of interaction (type A). The best treatment in agar media (in vitro) was Io BIO 211288 + A a on Potato Dextrose Agar + 12 g/L MRE. The highest l o population was 5.88 log cfu/g on cocoa beans inoculated by I o BIO 211291 + MRE in 1 day after inoculation, while the highest A. aceti population was 4.74 log cfu/g on cocoa beans with l o BIO 21 1291 + BIO 211288 + A a in 3 days after inoculation. Two best treatments were I o BIO 211288 + A a + MRE and I o BIO 211291 + BIO 211288 + A a + MRE, because there were no A.j7avuspopulation since 3 until 11 days after inoculation. Aflatoxin in all samples treatment was lower than limit detection B1 (< 2.20 ppb), B2 (< 3.50 ppb), (GI < 0.54 ppb), dan (G2 < 1.00 ppb).","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74484258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Quality of Arabica Coffee Beans from Three Processing Methods and Two Types of Packaging Materials","authors":"","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.3.1325","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74212523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KARAMUNTING (Melastoma malabathricum) EXTRACTS ON WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) MATURITY","authors":"A. Ridwan","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1297","url":null,"abstract":"White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the prime shrimp commodities cultivated in Indonesia. As such, the discovery of more efficient seed production techniques for this species is deemed necessary. Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum) extract contains the cholesterol precursor called lanosterol, a phytosterol which is used by crustaceans to form the animal steroid hormone that is very crucial in their reproduction. Hence, this research aimed to determine the ovary development of mature L. vannamei individuals injected with the Karamunting ethanol extract. The experiment was carried out in several stages. Firstly, injecting the white shrimp at the base of the 5th leg, every 3 days for 15 days with variable control dosage 0 (C), 10 mg/kg BW (T1), 7.5 mg/kg BW (T2), 5 mg/kg BW (T3), 2 mg/kg BW (T4) and 1 mg/kg BW (T5), where BW is Body Weight. Secondly, isolating the white shrimp parent ovary. Thirdly, measuring the progesterone level in the ovary using the Radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. Fourthly, observing the histology of white shrimp parent ovary and, finally, analyzing the data. Measurements of the increase in progesterone levels showed that the administration of karamunting ethanol extract significantly affected the progesterone production (P˂0.05). Histology observations of gonadal development in the control, T5 and T4 showed that the cells developed to previtellogenesis oocytes whereas in treatment T1, T2 and T3 ovary cells developed into endogenous vitellogenesis oocytes and only in T1 did the ovarian cells develop to form exogenous vitellogenesis oocytes. Karamunting extract significantly increased the oocyte sizes (P˂0.05). At the start of the experiment, the average oocyte sizes were at 15.57 ± 3.15 μm At the end of the experiment, the Control was at 25.29 ± 2.69 μm and the ovarian treatments produced the following oocyte sizes; T1 at 65.65 ± 2.64 μm, T2 at 63.98 ± 3.06 μm, T3 at 39.12 ± 6.01 μm, T4 at 28.08 ± 0.84 μm and T5 at 27.65 ± 0.71 μm. The extract produced oocyte sizes greater than at the beginning of maintenance and control. Apparently, the lanosterol in the karamunting extract had increased the hormone progesterone resulting in an accelerated gonadal maturity and enlargement of oocyte sizes in the parent individuals of the white shrimp.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75364897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC Aspergillus spp. AGAINST Fusarium verticillioides","authors":"R. C. Campos, J. Jacob","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1274","url":null,"abstract":"The soil-borne fungus Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of ear, stalk and root rot of maize resulting in severe reduction in yields and quality of infected products. Endophytic fungi have been reported as potential candidates in controlling pathogens since they are considered strong plant mutualists that confer disease resilience to their host. The present study was carried out to determine the in vitro antagonistic activity and biocontrol potential of endophytic Aspergillus spp. associated with Plectranthus amboinicus leaves against F. verticillioides. Three fungal endophytes from the genus Aspergillus, namely; A. tamarii, A. terreus and A. niger were isolated and identified from the leaves of P. amboinicus,. The fungal isolates were tested for their antagonism against F. verticillioides in dual culture plates. Results indicated that the Aspergillus endophytes can restrict the growth of F. verticillioides through varying mechanisms of antagonism. A. niger inhibited F. verticillioides by 47.37%, followed by A. tamarii (41.02%) and A. terreus (27.91%). Dual culture observations revealed that A. tamarii and A. niger antagonized the growth of F. verticillioides via overgrowth mechanism while A. terreus employed antibiosis to restrict the pathogen. These varying degrees of antagonism by the Aspergillus endophytes exhibited their potential as biocontrol agents and source of bioactive compounds.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84325230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NATURAL HABITAT OF BALI STARLING (Leucopsar rothschildi) IN BALI BARAT NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA","authors":"S. Sutomo, E. V. Etten","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1174","url":null,"abstract":"The Indonesian tropical savannas and dry forests provide habitats to various endemic wildlife. Unfortunately, a few of these endemic species are now seriously threatened and are red listed in the conservation status of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Among these species, the Bali starling or Bali mynah Leucopsar rotschildi, locally known as Jalak Bali, is now mostly restricted to the Bali Barat National Park. Given the high extinction risk faced by such species, conservation programs require multidisciplinary approaches that would address both the biological attributes of the species itself and their habitat requirements. Regrettably, for many species, their habitat ecology remains inadequately understood. Hence, this study aimed to: 1. characterize the Bali starling habitat in terms of structure and floristic composition; and 2. document evidences of vegetation cover changes in the Bali Barat National Park. Analysis of remote sensing imagery and field sampling for vegetation attributes were conducted to address these objectives. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from Landsat imageries using red and near infrared bands. Tree cover percentage data were downloaded from Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) of the University of Maryland’s website. Results showed that forest and savanna are the dominant land cover types in the Bali Barat National Park. However, their distribution is somewhat dynamic with changes in vegetation cover and greenness found across the years which increase the cover of woody plants is the general trend. The Bali starling in the Bali Barat National Park is mostly found at or near distinct vegetation boundaries, such as the borders between savanna and forest, savanna and cropland, savanna and shrubland, settlement and cropland and, between forest and shrubland. Although Cekik in Jembrana, Bali and Brumbun Bay in West Bali, as the conservation sites for Bali starling, are both planted with tree species providing shelter and food for Bali starling, the bird has not been seen in the two areas since the 1990s. These results further confirm the importance of examining the habitat patterns of endemic birds within a landscape that are influenced by multiple factors interacting in space and time. Addressing data inadequacy in habitat patterns of endemic species distribution is crucial in developing conservation management strategies. Hence, evaluating the habitat remnants of the Bali starling is vital for its conservation and needed reintroduction and eventual release to its natural habitat.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73139161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SEA RANCHING OF Holothuria atra: STOCKING DENSITY AND TIME","authors":"R. Hartati, M. Zainuri","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1180","url":null,"abstract":"Strong market demand, uncontrolled exploitation and/or the inadequate fisheries resource management have caused the overexploitation of sea cucumbers. Hence, sea ranching is suggested as an intervention to overcome, if not minimize, this problem. Since stocking density is the most important consideration in sea cucumber rearing, this study is aimed at discovering the best stocking density for the ranching of Holothuria atra. H. atra individuals were taken from the Panjang Island, Jepara waters and reared in cages at the bottom of Teluk Awur waters, Jepara with a density of 30, 20, or 10 individuals per cage measuring 2 × 2 × 1.8 m (with bottom area of 4 m2). The stocking of H. atra was carried out three times, starting from the time of cage installation, then at the second, and finally at the third months after installation. Characteristics of the bottom sediment (i.e., chlorophyll a, b, phaeophytin, and total carotene) of the sea cucumber habitat and water quality in the cages were also measured monthly. This study showed that the growth of H. atra fluctuated. The low stocking density yielded a higher weight gain per individual than the high stocking density. The highest weight gain was observed at the stocking density of 10 individuals/cage in the second stocking month. The highest survival rate was recorded at stocking density of 30 individuals/cage (93%) in the third stocking month, considering that these sea cucumbers were only reared for three months. The highest mortality occurred at stocking density of 20 individuals/cage. Low survival rate of 45% occurred at the first stocking time or after the fifth month of rearing. Fission was observed among H. atra reared in the cages, resulting in smaller organisms. Among the water quality parameters, the concentration of chlorophyll a, b, phaeophytin, and carotene in the sediment fluctuated with the rearing duration due to the feeding and bioturbation of sea cucumbers. The results of this study suggested that low stocking density of H. atra during the second stocking month yielded a higher growth rate.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79390593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GROWTH OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE ( Hermetia illucens ) FED WITH PAK CHOI ( Brassica chinensis ) AND CARP ( Cyprinus carpio ) RESIDUES","authors":"A. Permana, R. E. Putra, Auliya Nurulfah, M. Rosmiati, I. Kinasih, D. A. Sari","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1078","url":null,"abstract":"One main drawback of the local animal industry is the inavailability of affordable and sustainable protein supply for the livestock. Insect larvae, such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL), have been considered as a protein source which can be produced at a large scale using low cost organic wastes as feeding material. This study was designed to determine the response of BSFL to various waste combinations of vegetable and animal remains, Pak Choi (Brassica chinensis) residues (S) and carp (Cyprinus caprio) fish offal (I)). A total of 540 BSFL were fed with 100 mg/larvae/day combination of vegetable wastes: animal waste 70%: 30% (S > I), 50%: 50% (S = I), and 30%: 70% (S < I). Among the feed combinations, the S < I group showed the best results as it produced the significantly highest weight of BSFL at 122.8 mg/larvae and approximate digestibility of 62.01%, with the least pupae mortality rate at 4.29%.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77946878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF LOCAL WETLAND RICE VARIETIES IN JAMBI PROVINCE","authors":"J. Bobihoe, A. Meilin, Endrizal","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1277","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia’s swamplands are among areas earmarked for future agricultural development. As a type of wet lands, swamplands are inundated and have soil properties that are uniquely different from other agroecosystems. In Indonesia, some of these areas a r e currently u s e d fo r r i c e cultivation of the country’s very diverse genetic resources of local rice varieties. Most o f t h e farmers continue to plant and cultivate the local rice swampland varieties because of the abilities to adapt to extreme environments. This study on the agronomic traits of the local swampland rice varieties was carried out to evaluate their agronomic characters and identify varieties having superior quality traits. The research was carried out from April to October 2016 using a single plot method at the Rantau Kapas Mudo Village, Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province. Eleven (11) rice varieties were planted in 10 x 5 m single plots, with a spacing of 25 x 25 cm and 1 m distance between plots. These 11 genetic resources of the local swampland rice varieties, include the Serendah Halus, Rimbun Daun, Karya, Serendah Bawang, Sereh Aek, Botol, Pontianak, Semut, Dawi, Ketan Itam and DI. The observed characters consisted of the plant height at harvest, number of productive tillers, age of harvest, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, number of empty grains per panicle, weight of 1,000 grains, seed shape and the production volume. There were differences among the local swampland rice varieties with the highest production volume of 3.32 tonnes/ha obtained from the Rimbun Daun variety, followed by 2.86 tonnes/ha from the Dawi variety. These two varieties had shown potential to become the leading regional swampland rice varieties.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91237766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRUE SHALLOT ( Allium cepa var ascalonicum ) SEED PRODUCTION DURING OFF SEASON","authors":"R. E. Putra, D. Ramadan, Adriyanita Adin, I. Kinasih, I. Oktaviani","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1079","url":null,"abstract":"Seed cultivation for true shallot is an alternative for the more common cultivation practice in which 30% of the harvested tubers are used for cultivation purposes. Seed production of this temperate tuber in the tropical region, however, is quite challenging due to its low flowers and seed formation. Several studies have shown that vernalization (cold induction) and application of Benzil Amino Purin (BAP) had improved the flowering and seed production of shallot. However, such studies were conducted during the best cultivation period for about 3 months and thus, limit the production period of seeds during the rainy season. This study was conducted to observe the effect of both methods outside cultivation periods on the flower and capsule numbers, fruit set, and weight of 100 seeds when compared with commonly practiced cultivation during the dry season. The onion bulbs vernalized at 10 oC for 30 days were subjected to synthetic hormone (BAP) prior to planting. The shallot group treated with BAP had the lowest values for all observed parameters, i.e., 1,552.67 number of flowers; 312.11 number of capsules; 22.5% seed set; and 0.2244 g weight of 100 seeds, compared to those in the vernalization treated group, i.e., 1,592.44 number of flowers; 623 number of capsules; 30.5% seed set; 0.2261 g weight of 100 seeds and control group 6,774.67 number of flowers; 3,898.44 number of capsules; 57.06% seed set; 0.3304 g weight of 100 seeds. In conclusion, the commonly practiced cultivation of sowing bulbs directly without vernalization and plant growth regulator treatment is probably the better method to produce shallot seeds during the offseason, the rainy season.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74169069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INTERLEUKIN LEVELS IN THE Zingiber cassumunar-TREATED MICE","authors":"N. Sulistyani, Y. Handayani, Qanita Kamila, Annisah Isnaini","doi":"10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1162","url":null,"abstract":"The protein compound, cytokine, is responsible for the body’s immune system. Several cytokines acting as key regulators of infection include IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14. The chemical content of Zingiber cassumunar shows potential immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Zingiber cassumunar ethanol extract (EEZC) on the expressions of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14. The test animals, BALB/c mice which were treated for 21 days, were divided into five groups, i.e., normal group (untreated), negative control group (treated with 10% of tween 80), and three treatment groups that respectively received 1.25 mg, 2.5mg, and 5mg/20g BW of EEZC. On the 22nd day, the mice were induced with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally (except for the normal group). The interleukin expression was observed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies, and the expressed cells were counted under a microscope. The 21-day administration of EEZC at doses of 1.25 mg, 2.5mg, and 5mg/20g BW significantly increased the expression of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-14 in proportion to the dose thereby suggesting the potency of the extract to induce both innate and adaptive immunity. This activity may be attributable to curcumin as the active compound of the extract.","PeriodicalId":38783,"journal":{"name":"Biotropia","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78121414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}