Journalism history最新文献

{"title":"Big Brains and the Solid South: The Role of the Press in the Election of 1880","authors":"K. Quinn","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1947054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1947054","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The US presidential election of 1880 provides an opportunity to examine the dynamic role of the nineteenth-century press in defining the candidates, implementing campaign tactics, and constructing an ideological battlefield for the campaign. The coverage demonstrates that the press engaged in tactics that remain staples of electoral communication strategy: constructing candidates via a campaign biography, engineering a bandwagon effect by repeatedly invoking the popularity of the candidate, disseminating qualified endorsements, calling for voter turnout, and adopting a rhetoric of victory. It was also in 1880, the research shows, that the construct of the Solid South came to the fore, denoting, in the case of the Democratic press, the political and economic reemergence of the region in the wake of Reconstruction or, in the case of the Republican press, a reactionary crystallization of Southern interests.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46373247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"North China Herald’s View of the May Fourth Incident","authors":"Wing-kin Puk","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1947646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1947646","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The student protest in Peking (Beijing) on May 4, 1919, was one of the most influential events in modern Chinese political and cultural history. This study examines how the North China Herald covered the event in the immediate two months after it occurred. It examines the history of this famous English press in treaty-port Shanghai and highlights its semi-colonial nature. The North China Herald treated the Chinese students with a mixture of sympathy and suspicion, and counted on US and UK alliances to rescue China from its own weakness and from Japanese imperialism. The Herald’s coverage was influenced by its awareness of the rise of Chinese nationalism that would inevitably challenge the colonial and semi-colonial presence of the West in China, including the paper itself.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46532156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Free Speech Is Sometimes a Dangerous Privilege”: Western Editors’ Support for Press Suppression during the US Civil War","authors":"Mary M. Cronin","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1949240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1949240","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Little research has been undertaken that examines editors’ views on freedom of the press during wartime. This research explores how and why editors in the far Western states and territories supported, encouraged, and rationalized press suppression during the American Civil War. Despite their distance from the fighting, the majority of the West’s Republican editors believed passionately in the Union cause and pledged their loyalty to the nation. Many members of the Democratic press did, as well. But two-party partisan hostilities motivated editors to encourage press suppression, as did fear of the opposition press’s power. Economic concerns also proved a motivating factor for press suppression in some communities. Western press members often used popular, rather than Constitutional, definitions of treason to support, explain, and encourage suppression of fellow editors whose newspapers appeared disloyal.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45371757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“A Praying Woman”: The Press Framing of Telephone Supervisor Lisa Jefferson and Her Conversation with United 93 Passenger Todd Beamer","authors":"Pete Smith, Hazel James Cole","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1900664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1900664","url":null,"abstract":"On September 11, 2001, a GTE Airfone supervisor took a call from United Flight 93 passenger Todd Beamer, who said the airplane had been highjacked. Supervisor Lisa Jefferson, a Black woman, stayed on the line with Beamer for thirteen minutes, until just before Beamer and his fellow passengers staged an attempted revolt and the plane crashed in a field just outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The goal of this essay is to identify how the press framed Jefferson and her phone call with Beamer on September 11, 2001. After a newspaper database search, the analysis includes the following publications: the (Chicago) Daily Herald, the Chicago Tribune, and the (Tinley Park, Illinois) Sunday Star (as Jefferson was a Chicago native); the Somerset Daily American (serving Shanksville); the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (seventyfive miles from Shanksville); the (New Brunswick) Central New Jersey Home News (serving Beamer’s home); the Washington Post (which provided extensive coverage of 9/11); and the (Fort Lauderdale) South Florida Sun-Sentinel (which carried articles from a correspondent covering 9/11). The examination involves articles, headlines, and photos published in September 2001 through the end of the year and those published on the one-year and every five-year anniversary through 2016. This analysis uses framing theory to reveal one significant news frame: the “praying woman,” a Black woman of quiet strength whose religious faith helps her endure in a time of crisis. This frame is noteworthy, as it draws on and adds to the research that has recorded the use of news frames to depict Black women in stereotypical ways.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2021.1900664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42529795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching Tragedy: Media History Courses and 9/11","authors":"Will Mari","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1909936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1909936","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 2000s, media historians have grappled with how to teach the memory and continuing legacy of 9/11 through the journalism produced on that tragic day. Not unlike previous generations of teacherscholars, journalism history professors face the unique challenge of framing conversations about 9/11 in both respectful and complicating terms, challenging media narratives while also centering the value of journalism during national tragedies. And yet a typical media-history course ends at some point around or just after Watergate, a generation before 9/11. The ambitious among us may push on into the 1980s and 1990s. But most stop before the events of September 11, 2001, during which even our seniors and first-year graduate students were young children, toddlers, or, in some cases, infants. Starting last year, many of our first-year students will have been born long afterward. But there is so much to cover in a media-history class, especially if you start “at the beginning” with the American War for Independence (presuming that your course is about American media history). For some time, I have resigned myself to not getting there—after all, in history departments, surveys of U.S. history are routinely broken up into two or even three courses. But whether you teach an advanced group of students, first-year students, those in a dedicated media-history class, or in some other kind of class with a media history unit, including 9/11 is not just a wise investment of time, but critical for understanding the rest of this century.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2021.1909936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45231568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"News Media as Artifacts of Loss: Journalism History in the 9/11 Museum","authors":"Carolyn L. Kitch","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1908811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1908811","url":null,"abstract":"With the passage of two decades, the story of September 11, 2001, is moving out of living memory and into recorded history. This essay considers the place of journalism within this transition, focusing on the uses of news media inside the 9/11 Museum in New York City, which has drawn more than 17 million visitors since its May 2014 opening. For years after the attacks, journalism was central to public retellings of the 9/11 story. Many of those accounts came from journalism itself, as major news organizations created special supplements, issues, programs, and books, repackaging their own original coverage of the event and recalling journalists’ memories of covering the story. In 2008, the first permanent exhibit about 9/11 opened as part of the Newseum, a Washington, DC, institution funded by news corporations. Journalism was obviously its main focus, with interpretation including newspaper front pages, a film in which reporters shared their terrifying experiences, and an enormous artifact, part of the broadcast antenna that once topped World Trade Center Tower One. When New York’s 9/11 Museum opened six years later, in 2014, its most powerful artifact was its site, the cement foundation of the former Twin Towers. Within their footprints are thousands of other material artifacts that Marita Sturken calls “survivor objects,” from the mundane (paper memos) and personal (shoes) to the structural (twisted steel) and heroic (a crushed fire truck). Most scholarship about this site focuses on these kinds of objects, but the museum also contains news-media survivors. News photographs are plentiful among the digital mediation that visitors encounter as they descend wide ramps to the main displays below ground. While they are documentary images, they are similar in perspective, showing people on the streets of Manhattan looking forward in tears or upward in horror. In the weeks after the attacks, many of these pictures appeared in national newsmagazines and in photography exhibits through which New Yorkers processed the catastrophe. In the museum today, they are displayed at eye level as the visitor walks among them; they are indexical in a way that obscures mediation, inviting visitors into a relay of seeing that makes us forget that someone took the picture. News media are mentioned, however, in audio and written words projected around these “Dark City,” by Dennis Leung (CC BY 2.0)","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2021.1908811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44296435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor’s Note","authors":"Gregory A. Borchard","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2021.1873044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2021.1873044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2021.1873044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45931232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fallen, Broken Places: American Imperial Journalism and Thomas W. Knox’s Traveller Books for Boys","authors":"J. Gorbach, Michael Fuhlhage","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2020.1866405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866405","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In early 1864, Civil War correspondent Thomas W. Knox nearly gave his life for a brave experiment to prove the labor of freedmen could be just as profitable as that of slaves on a cotton farm. Ironically, in the years that followed, Knox traveled the world writing guidebooks for boys that served to teach all the ways the developing world was inferior to American culture, and sought to indoctrinate young American readers into their role as colonizers. What appear initially to be a correspondent’s enlightened, forward-thinking attitudes turn out to be deeply problematic in ways that raise profound questions about the American discourse on race. For the past thirty years, postcolonial studies have moved into “low,” popular literature. This study attempts to push the field into a new direction: the examination of American correspondents beyond canonical figures like Mark Twain, Richard Harding Davis, Jack London, and Stephen Crane.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45520381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life on Campus: Life Magazine’s “College Girl” as an Ordinary and Ideal Symbol of America in the 1930s","authors":"Lindsay Hargrave, Carolyn L. Kitch","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2020.1866409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866409","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT From its start in 1936, Life magazine offered a portrait of the nation that blended the ideal with the typical through certain kinds of recurring characters. One was “the college girl,” the subject of Life’s first “photo-essay,” a 1937 feature on Vassar students. Such “girls” were more than a curiosity: in this era, women students constituted 40% of college enrollment. This paper analyzes their representation in more than one hundred articles and advertisements published between 1936 and 1941, the magazine’s first five years. It concludes that these characters served as symbols—of regional identity, of American superiority, of Life’s self-proclaimed wholesomeness—yet they also validated the real-life experience of many young women, whose presence in higher education would plummet after the war. One of the most visible media characters of her time, Life’s 1930s “college girl” illuminates a part of women’s history largely forgotten today.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47730855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Project Westward Ho: The First New York Times West Coast Edition","authors":"Dale L. Cressman","doi":"10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In 1954, the New York Times began receiving letters from residents of California, requesting that the newspaper begin publishing a Western edition. After the Times began using tele-typesetting to publish same-day editions of its European edition, it was persuaded to publish an edition in California. Beginning in October 1962, publishers printed the Times in Los Angeles and distributed it throughout the Western United States. However, financial losses suffered because of the New York newspaper strike, the difficulty in attracting advertisers, and the death of the project’s sponsor led to the edition’s demise in January 1964. Using archival sources, this article describes the development of the short-lived West Coast edition, a signature project for Times publisher Orvil Dryfoos. Use of tele-typesetting and the publication’s effect on the Los Angeles Times are considered.","PeriodicalId":38759,"journal":{"name":"Journalism history","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00947679.2020.1866406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48615701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}