Topics in antiviral medicine最新文献

{"title":"CROI 2023: Metabolic and Other Complications of HIV Infection.","authors":"Sudipa Sarkar,&nbsp;Todd T Brown","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comorbid conditions have major impacts on the health, quality of life, and survival of people with HIV, particularly as they age. The 2023 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) featured excellent science related to specific comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and obesity. Studies investigating factors that may contribute to CVD, such as mental health disorders, antiretroviral therapies, and activation of hormonal pathways, were featured prominently. Other studies sought to understand the epidemiology of non-AIDS-defining cancers in people with HIV. As at previous CROI conferences, weight gain attributable to antiretroviral therapies was a major theme, and several abstracts focused on the important question of whether weight decreases after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens associated with weight gain. This review focuses on abstracts presented at CROI 2023 in these areas, highlighting those with the most clinical impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 4","pages":"538-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10424764/pdf/tam-31-538.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10251733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CROI 2023: Epidemiologic Trends and Prevention for HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections.","authors":"Albert Y Liu,&nbsp;Susan P Buchbinder","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At the 2023 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), several investigators used tests of recent HIV infection to track which populations are currently most heavily impacted by HIV and to estimate HIV infection rates in those populations. Assisted partner notification for HIV was successfully applied for spouses of persons with HIV and sexual and injection partners of people who inject drugs; however, delays in linkage to care were seen for non-spousal partners in one study. Lack of awareness of HIV positive status remains an issue in various populations; several presentations focused on novel strategies for improving HIV testing uptake in these populations. Doxycycline administered as 200 mg post sexual exposure significantly reduced the risk of syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea infection in men who have sex with men but did not prevent bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in cis-gender women; reasons for this discrepancy are currently being explored. Although oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is increasingly being used in populations in greatest need of prevention tools, PrEP uptake and persistence remain low in a number of key populations, including people who inject drugs. Several innovative delivery models show early promise in addressing gaps along the PrEP continuum. The successful use of injectable cabotegravir PrEP in several populations was presented at this conference, although uptake remains low globally. The pipeline of novel long-acting and rapid-onset PrEP agents appears to be robust, including implants, vaginal rings, and topical inserts, with several presentations focusing on preclinical and early clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 3","pages":"468-492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266866/pdf/tam-31-468.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9642699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CROI 2023: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of MPox.","authors":"Jason Zucker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2023 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) emphasized emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and mpox. Despite emerging from countries in which it was endemic only 9 months before the conference, mpox was well covered, with more than 60 presentations addressing various topics. There was a focus on the rapid development and implementation of tests to reduce the time to diagnosis, as well as multiplex panels to increase the accuracy of differential diagnosis. Presenters also highlighted the ability to diagnose mpox from multiple compartments, such as with rectal and pharyngeal swabs, and provided crucial information on the duration of positivity that may impact isolation requirements. Clinical experiences were described, including risk factors for severe disease and syndemic management. High rates of concomitant sexually transmitted infection (STI) were reported. Finally, prevention was a key topic, with presenters pointing to the contributions of individual behavioral changes and vaccine efficacy to reducing new cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 3","pages":"510-519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266864/pdf/tam-31-510.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9642695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CROI 2023: Advances in Antiviral Therapy in HIV and Viral Hepatitis.","authors":"Shauna H Gunaratne,&nbsp;Barbara S Taylor,&nbsp;Timothy J Wilkin,&nbsp;Hong-Van Tieu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several innovative methods were presented at the 2023 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) targeting different aspects of the HIV care continuum to improve testing, linkage to care, and viral suppression. Some of these approaches were directed at more vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women, adolescents, and individuals who inject drugs. In contrast was the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, with negative outcomes on HIV viral load suppression and retention in care. Data were presented on hepatitis B virus (HBV) suppression showing that tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/bictegravir (BIC) may be superior to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/FTC plus dolutegravir in suppressing HBV in HIV/HBV-coinfected individuals. A pilot study examining a 4-week trial of direct-acting antiviral therapy to treat hepatitis C in recently infected individuals showed lower rates of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks than longer courses. Additional data were presented on the use of long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine, comparing this regimen with oral TAF/FTC/BIC and the use of long-acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine in those with viremia. Data were presented on a novel strategy of lenacapavir with 2 broadly neutralizing antibodies given every 6 months as maintenance antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data were presented on improving HIV care outcomes in adolescents, interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission, and HIV reservoirs in children and adolescents. Data were also presented on interactions between ART and hormonal contraception, as well as ART-related weight gain and impact on pregnancy. A study examining BIC pharmacokinetics in pregnancy was presented, as well as retrospective data on outcomes of adolescents receiving TAF/FTC/BIC.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 3","pages":"445-467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266865/pdf/tam-31-445.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9642696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CROI 2023: Acute and Post-Acute COVID-19.","authors":"Annukka A R Antar,&nbsp;Michael J Peluso","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of acute and post-acute COVID-19 were presented at the 2023 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). Early treatment with ensitrelvir, a novel protease inhibitor, hastened viral clearance and symptom resolution during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and appeared to reduce the prevalence of long COVID symptoms. The development of novel agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including those with broader sarbecovirus activity such as anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 monoclonal antibodies, is underway. A growing understanding of the pathophysiology of long COVID has provided several potential therapeutic targets for individuals experiencing this condition. Efforts to understand COVID-19 in people with HIV have led to novel insights into the biology and natural history of SARS-CoV-2 coinfection in this vulnerable subpopulation. These and other studies are summarized herein.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 3","pages":"493-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266867/pdf/tam-31-493.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9642697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic hepatitis B and HIV coinfection.","authors":"Maria A Corcorran,&nbsp;Nina Kim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is common among people with HIV owing to shared modes of viral transmission. Compared with individuals with HBV infection alone, people with HIV/HBV coinfection experience an accelerated progression of liver disease, including increased risks for hepatocellular carcinoma, liver-related mortality, and all-cause mortality. Therefore, HBV screening and appropriate treatment are crucial for people with HIV. This article reviews the epidemiology, natural history, and management of HIV/HBV coinfection, as well as recommendations for prevention of HBV infection among people with HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":"14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089291/pdf/tam-31-14.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providing gender-affirming care to transgender and gender-diverse individuals with and at risk for HIV.","authors":"Olivia T Van Gerwen, Jill S Blumenthal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transgender and gender-diverse populations have unique medical and psychosocial needs. It is important that clinicians address these needs with a gender-affirming approach in all aspects of health care for these populations. Given the significant burden of HIV experienced by transgender people, such approaches in providing HIV care and prevention are essential both to engage this population in care and to work toward ending the HIV epidemic. This review presents a framework for practitioners caring for transgender and gender-diverse individuals to deliver affirming, respectful health care in HIV treatment and prevention settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089290/pdf/tam-31-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring bacteriophage therapy for drug-resistant bacterial infections.","authors":"Robert T Schooley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The golden age of antibiotics, which lasted from the 1930s until 2005, brought a brisk clip of antibiotic discovery and fueled optimism about the victory of modern medicine over bacterial infections. Since then, however, with a stalled antibiotic discovery effort and wide-spread antibiotic use, antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a major global health threat. Bacteriophages, or phages (literally viruses that infect certain bacteria), have coevolved with bacteria for almost 4 billion years and are the most abundant organisms on the earth. Substantial progress is being made such that selection, engineering, and synthetic production of phages may make it possible for these lethal enemies of bacteria to be harnessed as potent allies in our battle against antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10089292/pdf/tam-31-23.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of BNT162b2 antigen dosage on protection against SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection","authors":"H. Chemaitelly, H. Ayoub, P. Coyle, P. Tang, H. Yassine, A. Althani, H. Al-Khatib, M. Hasan, Z. Al-Kanaani, E. Al-Kuwari, A. Jeremijenko, A. Kaleeckal, A. Latif, R. Shaik, H. Abdul-Rahim, Gheyath K Nasrallah, M. Al-Kuwari, H. Al-Romaihi, A. Butt, M. Al-Thani, A. Al-khal, R. Bertollini, L. Abu-Raddad","doi":"10.1101/2022.11.29.22282864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.11.29.22282864","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine antigen dosage may affect protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but direct evidence to quantify this effect is lacking. Methods: A matched, retrospective, cohort study that emulated a randomized control trial was conducted in Qatar between February 3, 2022 and November 8, 2022, to provide a head-to-head, controlled comparison of protection induced by two antigen dosages of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The study compared incidence of omicron infection in the national cohort of adolescents 12 years of age who received the two-dose primary-series of the 30-g BNT162b2 vaccine to that in the national cohort of adolescents 11 years of age who received the two-dose primary-series of the pediatric 10-g BNT162b2 vaccine. Associations were estimated using Cox proportional-hazard regression models. Results: Among adolescents with no record of prior infection, cumulative incidence of infection was 6.0% (95% CI: 4.9-7.3%) for the 30-g cohort and 7.2% (95% CI: 6.1-8.5%) for the 10-g cohort, 210 days after the start of follow-up. Incidence during follow-up was dominated by omicron subvariants including, consecutively, BA.1/BA.2, BA.4/BA.5, BA.2.75*, and XBB. The adjusted hazard ratio comparing incidence of infection in the 30-g cohort to the 10-g cohort was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60-0.98). Corresponding relative effectiveness was 23.4% (95% CI: 1.6-40.4%). Relative effectiveness was -3.3% (95% CI: -68.0-27.5%) among adolescents with a record of prior infection. Conclusions: Three-fold higher BNT162b2 dosage was associated with ~25% higher protection against infection in infection-naive adolescents of similar age. These findings may inform design of future COVID-19 vaccines and boosters for persons of different age groups.","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81848560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing the Challenges of Vaccine Hesitancy Broadly and Related to COVID-19 Vaccines.","authors":"Marie T Brown,&nbsp;Constance A Benson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccine hesitancy is one of the greatest health care challenges of our time, as recently highlighted by the experience with COVID-19 vaccines. It is now clear that several current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from the disease, but their effectiveness has been greatly undermined by the many unfounded conspiracy theories, active disinformation, and fears (real or imagined) circulating through social media and through society in general, persuading millions of people worldwide not to receive the vaccine. Fortunately, there are numerous practical strategies that physicians and other health care professionals can employ in communicating effectively with vaccine-hesitant individuals, including using humble inquiry, compassionate listening, and storytelling, as well as engaging the entire health care team in providing accurate information. This article summarizes the major points of an IAS-USA-sponsored webinar held on August 3, 2021, titled COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Crucial Conversations, and Effective Messaging for Patients and Health Care Teams by Marie T. Brown, MD, an expert on adult immunization. The webinar was moderated by Constance A. Benson, MD.</p>","PeriodicalId":38738,"journal":{"name":"Topics in antiviral medicine","volume":" ","pages":"430-439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8862750/pdf/tam-29-430.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39944262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}