International Journal of Dream Research最新文献

{"title":"Book review: When Brains Dream - Antonio Zadra and Robert Stickgold, 2021","authors":"K. Lüth","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.80335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.80335","url":null,"abstract":"What goes on in our brains while we dream? This book provides a very comprehensive overview of current, as well as past, research that has provided insights into the dreaming brain, and adds to these a new theory about the function of dreams. It also discusses limitations and ethical concerns in the field of dream research, making the book a holistic reference that can either be read cover to cover or used selectively.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"188-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46452885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Breaking the law” in dreams: Analysis of a long dream series","authors":"M. Schredl","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.78797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.78797","url":null,"abstract":"Nightmares in which the dreamer performs a criminal act and is terrified of being punished have been reported in the literature. Systematic studies of “breaking the law” within dreams, however, are still lacking. Within a long dream series of N = 11,808 dreams, 0.80% of the dreams included some criminal activity often associated with the fear of being arrested; rarely with the feeling of remorse. Studying this dream type offers an opportunity to shed light on the options concerning how dreams might be related to waking-life: thematic continuity, e.g., being dishonest in waking-life and being dishonest in dreams; emotional continuity, e.g., the fear of being found out in the dreams is related to waking-life worries about possible negative evaluations by others; and/or metaphorical continuity, “killing” as a metaphor for ending relationships. Thus, this pilot study provided hypotheses for more in-depth analyses of larger dream samples.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"147-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42897445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of spatial memories at the associative and relational levels after a full night of sleep and likelihood of dream incorporation","authors":"Nicolas Ribeiro, Y. Gounden, V. Quaglino","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.75882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.75882","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the effect of sleep in mediating the performance of associative and relational spatial memories in an immersive spatialised task. It also investigated how items presented during the task were incorporated into participants' dreams. \u0000A total of 54 participants were assigned to either a wake or sleep condition in their home setting: 27 participants stayed awake during a normal day between the learning and the testing phases of a spatial task, while 27 other participants slept in their home according to their usual sleep schedule. Subjective dream experiences during the night were reported by the participants using a paper/pencil diary. \u0000Results showed that memory performances for the testing phase were greater for the Sleep group at both associative and relational levels compared to an equivalent period of wake. The examination of dream reports revealed that 6 dream reports out of 17 (35.29%) collected in the Sleep group incorporated items related to the task. \u0000To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate a protective effect of sleep on associative and relational memory performance using an immersive spatialised VR task and with a full night's sleep occurring in a home setting that respected the participant's usual sleep schedule. \u0000As a perspective, we proposed methodological improvements for future studies investigating dreams and their relationship with memory processes.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48562555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dreaming in the Digging Fields","authors":"C. Hoffman","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.76699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.76699","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological excavations under the author’s supervision at the Middleborough Little League Site in southeastern Massachusetts have provided a wealth of data about Native American activities over an 8,000 year time span.  The author has recorded a total of 350 dreams about the site throughout the 20 seasons of its excavation (1996-2020).  These are analyzed through a number of theoretical lenses.  It is concluded that, while some of the dreams in this long horizontal set may be said to confirm each of these perspectives, no theory is able to explain all of them satisfactorily.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48905871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book review: Malinowski, J. (2021). The psychology of dreaming.","authors":"M. Schredl","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.80536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.80536","url":null,"abstract":"The book of Josie Malinowksi is a well-written and informative introduction into psychological dream research. After definitions and a brief review of the history of dreaming, the author integrates many of the current theories about dream function, e.g., processing of emotions, Social Simulation theory, or dreaming as playing. In addition, clinical aspects, e.g., dream sharing, are reviewed with the interesting idea that working with dreams in waking might enhance the function of dreams. Phenomena like lucid dreams, precognitive dreaming, posttraumatic dreams, and sleep paralysis which are currently discussed widely are presented in a very concise format, clearly demonstrating the author’s knowledge that she has accumulated over more than 10 years of dream research. Lastly, the author emphasizes that dream researchers – like scientists in general – should also discuss the ethical implications of their findings, e.g., when influencing dream content with application of external stimuli.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"190-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The percentage of male and female dream characters in a long dream series","authors":"M. Schredl","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.77526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.77526","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research based on many dream studies including children, adolescents, students, and adults in different cultures reported a “ubiquitous” sex difference in dreams: Whereas male dream characters are more prominent in men’s dreams compared to female dream characters, women tend to dream equally often about males and females. The present findings of 52% in a series of 3828 dreams recorded by a middle-aged male individual indicate that this gender difference might not be “ubiquitous” but depends on the pattern of waking-life social contacts. Studying the ratio of male and female dream characters might help to understand how social life is reflected in dreams.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"141-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47297922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on \"Exploring and developing the concept of the dream as a threat monitoring-alerting mechanism\" by Rupert Harwood","authors":"Y. Gewargis","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.73859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.73859","url":null,"abstract":"Summary . In his citation, Harwood drew his conclusions from an analysis of 61 dreams logged during the start of an, unfortunate, chronic autoimmune condition. Such data, logged during the initial stages of an illness, could or could not necessarily have an immediate impact on the deep sleep conditions, depending on the nature of the illness: for instance, a simple cold virus could have a more direct effect on the deep sleep, than a more serious illness, like cancer at its initial stages: albeit, the latter could usually generate emotional conditions, that would be more susceptible to the deep sleep eventually. Harwood also introduced seven new hypotheses, in a few which the author’s theory was addressed. The author will only elaborate on Harwood’s relevant hypotheses, with the aim to further consolidate, and create a clear rationale for the author’s theory as the main function of dreams, and any content-interpretation is a by-product, related to wishes, desires, environmental effects and emotions that dreams draw their substance from. Harwood (2018, P.8) states...” [H]owever, during deep sleep, cerebral blood flows are at their lowest during REM sleep (e.g., Madson and Vorstrup, 1991). Further, Jurysta et al. (2003, P2146) note that...”[i]n healthy subjects, heart rate decreases during non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep and increases during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep...”. In the author’s theory, it states that during the deep sleep, the body functions are lowered to their respective permissible levels of operation, and if therefore the cerebral blood flow (CBF) is to be at a specific required level, then the author’s theory referred to that specific level as the permissible level, and the deep sleep monitoring mechanism maintains a close surveillance over this flow; among other tasks, to ensure that blood supplies to the body organs like brain, which is automatically controlled by the Cerebral Pressure Autoregulation Process, to meet the metabolic demand. On the other hand, it is the Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) that could change. Moreover, the nocturnal blood pressure which dips during sleep by about 10% -20%, is also, under surveillance of the monitoring mechanism; in addition to any other abnormalities and discomforts experienced during the sleep. It is of interest to perceive the intricate and complex operations performed by the human organs when in deep sleep, specifically the heart must reduce its workload to minimum permissible level, yet simultaneously maintaining the (CBF) rate, and (CPP) that intends to drop with the body operations slowing down during the sleep.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"165-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42556134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring and developing the concept of the dream as a threat monitoring-alerting mechanism","authors":"R. Harwood","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.76927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.76927","url":null,"abstract":"Summary. It is not clear that established dream theories adequately explain the purpose of something that accounts for such a substantial percentage of our time. Gewargis’s innovative theory - that dreams function to safeguard the organism during sleep - seems plausible and to have the potential to make an important contribution to a better understanding of why we dream. There are, however, a number of possible problems with it. In particular, the published literature is not used to substantiate the empirical claims upon which the theory is built; and this could be a major issue, as a some of these claims seem to be at variance with current scientific knowledge and/or to have limited face validity. This comment article draws upon the neurology literature to critique and suggest amendments to Gewargis’s theory; and proposes additional hypotheses relating to why and how dreams might act as a monitoring-alerting mechanism and protect the sleeper from a range of internal and external perturbations during REM and NREM sleep; and not just, as Gewargis appears to suggest, guard against inadequate blood flow to the brain or “oxygen-deprivation” to the lungs during REM sleep. A central argument in this comment piece is that to perform a range of functions, such as memory processing, the dream is where the sleeper’s consciousness is focused for much of the time asleep, and so it is also where the alerting-arousal messages need to be presented and processed during that time. In other words, and at variance with what Gewargis proposed, we don’t dream so as to provide a sleep defence mechanism, but a Dream Sleep-Defence Mechanism (DSDM) is needed because we dream. It addition, it argued that dreams - including through the use of broad categories (and, in particular, potential danger/not potential danger), rather than representational reflections of the reality in question - provide a cortical resource efficient mechanism. It is recognised, however, that support for a dream sleep defence mechanism is at best circumstantial and that the idea needs to be tested in experimental studies if it is to move beyond conjecture.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"156-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47917662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Chemical “Interpretation of Dreams”","authors":"Gerard Marx, C. Gilon","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.78213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.78213","url":null,"abstract":"Dreams could be considered as snippets of memory processed during sleep, to optimize conscious behavior. To comprehend the process of dreaming, one needs to clarify how memory is enabled. We discuss various proposals that were forwarded to clarify the physiologic basis of dreaming. Curiously in an age when mood altering drugs are the rage, psychoanalytic discussions of dreams, a la Freud, have avoided grappling with the neurochemical processes underlying the recall of dreams. We propose that dreams are derived from memory based on a chemically-based coding mechanism. The tripartite mechanism of memory involves the dynamic interactions of neurons with their surrounding extracellular matrix (nECM). Dopants (metal cations and neurotransmitters (NTs)) enable a chemical code, comprising metal-centered complexes representing cognitive units of information (cuinfo), with emotive states encoded by neurotransmitters (NTs). The neuron can decode the cuinfo as the basis of the memory that fuels dreams. Such a chemodynamic process is physiologically credible in that it involves materials and processes available to the neural net. During sleep dreaming, the chemodynamic “reading” of  memory units (i.e. cuinfo) is disordered, scrambled and distorted. Sets of memory units (cuinfo) are decorated with NTs, to encode emotive states. Like a deck of randomly dealt cards, the neural “reading” of the cuinfo occurs without reference to temporal sequence or logical order. Rather, the integrated “emotive weight” of the cuinfo complexes determines their existential import during the dreaming process. Similarly, those with greater “emotive weight” are more likely to exert greater import in recall. Ultimately, the brain’s “affective calculus” during subsequent consciousness determines the dream’s impact and interpretation.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46503236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescents’ dreams under COVID-19 isolation","authors":"S. Parrello, M. Sommantico, Marina Lacatena, Ilaria Iorio","doi":"10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.73858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/IJODR.2021.1.73858","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the continuity hypothesis of dreaming, we have studied the effects of quarantine/isolation on the dreams of Italian adolescents during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 235 subjects (73.2% girls;ages 12–18 years, M = 16.08, SD = 1.7) was involved. Participants were asked to complete part of the MADRE Questionnaire, as well as to report their Most Recent Dream by responding to specific questions related to this dream content (e.g., positive vs. negative emotions, realism/bizarreness, and presence of sensory impressions). Results indicated that participants most strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic reported the strongest effects on their dreams, as well as longest dreams. Results also indicated that girls recall dreams more often than boys, in addition to reporting higher emotional intensity, predominantly negative emotions, and more nightmares, including recurrent ones. Finally, the most recent dreams were set in both indoor and outdoor settings, with many family members and friends present. They were marked by strong negative emotions, especially related to dangerous, violent, and frustrating situations. In sum, the findings of this study indicate that the method of quali-quantitative dream content analysis is a very informative approach for studying the effects of significant contextual and catastrophic events on people’s inner lives. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.","PeriodicalId":38642,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dream Research","volume":"532 1","pages":"10-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64376671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}