Forum of Clinical Oncology最新文献

{"title":"Rare cancers are common: time to act","authors":"M. Liontos, E. Karamitrousis, N. Tsoukalas, I. Boukovinas","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43895589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yoga as an Adjuvant for Cancer Patients in India","authors":"J. Chakrabarty, M. Vidyasagar","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Though Yoga has originated in India, its scientific use to alleviate the sufferings of cancer patients in India is thin. There are very few published studies on yoga intervention for cancer patients from India. The objective of this review was to analyze the studies that have used yoga as an adjuvant for cancer treatment. Literature searches were made in PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Proquest and Science Direct for retrieving the related studies. Data were analyzed according to the objective. The compiled results show that yoga and pranayama interventions for cancer patients in India focused mostly on psychological aspects like anxiety and depression. Few studies have explored deep into the mechanisms by which the interventions produce the desired effects. Only very few researchers have analyzed the genetic or biochemical changes that occur in the human body as a result of practicing yoga. Currently, the focus is generally on breast cancer. Researches with yoga and pranayama as an adjuvant for other cancers also need to be experimented.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"17 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69204475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewing the potential use of scaffold-mediated localized chemotherapy in oncology","authors":"Archana A. Gupta, S. Kheur, A. Thirumal Raj, R. Badhe, R. Bhonde","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Post-surgical recurrence and metastasis remain to be the major concern in oncology. The absence of any therapeutic modality during the interim period between the surgical intervention and initiation of conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy allows the residual cancer cells to proliferate, culminating in recurrence and/or metastasis. Introducing a therapeutic modality during this interim period could suppress the proliferation of the residual tumor cells. Further, as the detrimental effects of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy drastically reduce the patient’s quality of life, use of therapeutic modality with localized effect can reduce the risk of systemic toxicity. Thus, the present manuscript reviews the potential use of scaffold-mediated local chemotherapy in oncology. Its localized effect would prevent systemic toxicity, while the scaffold serves as an ideal vehicle for the sustained targeted delivery of therapeutic agents.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"23 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41364444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic drugs and the risk of cancer: beneficial, neutral, or detrimental?","authors":"T. Azeez, S. Folorunso, Chinedu Eguzozie, A. A. Adegboyega","doi":"10.38207/jprdd2020101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38207/jprdd2020101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly rising, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Also, early-onset diabetes is on the rise, and millions of individuals have to be on antidiabetic medications for a prolonged period. Therefore, more people are getting exposed to the adverse effects of antidiabetic medications. Cancer is among the top ranking causes of death worldwide. Researches are still ongoing to understand the etiologies, precipitants, risk factors, correlates, and predictors of cancers. Diabetes mellitus is associated with various cancers, as extensively documented in the literature. There are conflicting reports about the association between antidiabetic drugs and cancer. This is even of crucial importance, considering that the prevalence of diabetes is rising. Insulin glargine is reported to be associated with cancers, but clinical trials have not confirmed this. Metformin is largely believed to be beneficial in oncologic practice. Glibenclamide is reported to reduce tumor growth. The association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer is still an area for further research. Meglitinides have also been associated with cancers. Incretin-based therapy and the α-glucosidase inhibitors appear to have beneficial effects on cancers. There is still a need for randomized multicentric clinical trials to further substantiate and clarify reports from epidemiological studies. Further in vitro studies will also be necessary to characterize the interaction of these pharmacological agents with other molecules in the body.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"12 1","pages":"74 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41489881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Near the End of Life in Individuals with Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","authors":"Benjamin Li, S. Perkins, S. Phillips, Sara F Martin, Samantha A. Hsieh, E. Shinohara, M. Stavas","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives Appropriate chemotherapy and radiation near end of life is a moving target; challenged by increasing costs, evolving therapies, new reimbursement models and quality metrics. We review treatment trends and variables impacting the initiation of chemotherapy (CHT) and radiotherapy (XRT) in the final 60, 30 and 14 days of life in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The Florida Cancer Data System was studied to complete a retrospective cohort analysis of 48,858 individuals with Stage IV (M1) NSCLC from 1995–2010. We evaluated the initiation of CHT and XRT after diagnosis and associations with patient demographics, insurance and socioeconomic status (SES). Results The use of CHT increased from 35% to 49%, while XRT decreased from 52% to 37% between 1995 and 2010. Initial courses of CHT occurred 8.1%, 5.0%, and 3.6% in the final 60, 30, and 14 days of life, and XRT 13.8%, 7.7%, and 5.2% of the time, respectively. Younger, married, and male patients were more likely to receive treatment. Low SES (OR 0.685, 95% CI 0.633–0.741) and uninsured individuals (OR 0.678, 95% CI 0.572–0.804) were less likely to receive CHT. SES and insurance did not impact XRT. Conclusions The initiation of late CHT and XRT treatments decreased from 1995–2010. It persisted above 3% in the last 14 days of life. Clinicians may struggle to taper treatment before death, especially in patients with limited survival. It is important to recognize the complexities of death and dying and the potential influences of palliative care in affecting treatment decisions.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"29 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer Patients and Oncology Clinical Practice in COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"E. Karamitrousis, M. Liontos, N. Tsoukalas","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0019","url":null,"abstract":"outspread of COVID-19 pandemic, at a worldwide scale. COVID-19 is an infection from a novel virus from corona family (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 – SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in December 2019 in China (Wuhan, Hubei province). One of the most prominent characteristics of COVID-19 is the rapid spreading, with more than 20 million cases and more than 700,000 deaths all-over the world by mid August 2020. COVID-19 symptoms are in most cases of respiratory origin, including fever, cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath.[1] However, SARS-CoV-2 could also affect any system of the human body and present with a variety of symptoms, such as gastrointestinal or ocular ones.[1] Currently, there are neither vaccines, nor specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and therapy of the infection is mainly symptomatic. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in acutely ill patients with COVID-19 infection, seen in up to 1/3 of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), even when prophylactic anticoagulation is used.[2] The most common pattern of coagulopathy observed in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 is characterized by elevations in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels. This correlates with parallel rise in inflammatory markers. [2] The management of VTE in COVID-19 patients is based in anticoagulation therapy mainly using Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs).[2] Besides that, thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 patients should be offered on a case by case approach. Moreover, heparin effects beyond anticoagulation could play a role. Cancer patients are known to be immunocompromised due to cancer itself and the antineoplastic treatment. Thus, cancer patients are labeled as “COVID-19 vulnerable”. [3] Due to the evolving situation, no definitive data exist describing the effect of COVID-19 in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence though suggest that cancer patients are at higher risk of SARS-Cov-2 infection and have increased mortality and morbidity from COVID-19. [4,5] Analogous evidence led to a dramatic change in cancer patients’ management amid the initial eruption of the pandemic such as interruption of chemotherapies, change of intravenous treatments to oral regimens as well as change in the frequency of immunotherapies. This is applicable to specific subgroups of patients. For example, patients with thoracic malignancies are especially vulnerable to COVID-19 due to comorbidities, smoking, and disease related lung damage. In this issue, optimal management of patients with rare lung cancer histologies as well as the clinical biomarkers to guide treatment in lung cancer patients are reviewed.[6,7] In addition, Li et al. review the data regarding the role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients near their end of life.[8] Currently, all major oncological associations have published guidelines to guide management of cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic that prioritize diagnostic procedures, surgical, and medical treatment in relation to t","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46072576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"G. Ioannidis","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (P-LCNEC) is a rare, poorly differentiated, non-small cell malignancy within the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the lung. Despite sharing several similarities with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in their clinical, immunohistopathological, genomic, and prognostic features, it is a distinct and biologically heterogeneous entity with challenging diagnostic and therapeutic requirements. Given the lack of prospective, randomized data to guide management, it is common practice to pursue thoracic surgery for resectable tumors according to the guidelines for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and implement systemic chemotherapy as early as at stage I, similar to the treatment of SCLC. However, important issues, such as the optimal timing and combination of therapeutic modalities, the most effective type of chemotherapy for advanced-stage disease, and the benefit from prophylactic cranial irradiation, remain debated. Accumulating evidence from retrospective, molecular profiling studies supports the existence of at least two P-LCNEC subtypes, most notably a SCLC-like and a NSCLC-like phenotype, which presumably underlie the observed differential sensitivity to platinum-based regimens and warrant further validation as predictive biomarkers of efficacy. Furthermore, several potentially actionable, driver molecular alterations have been identified, offering implications for personalized treatment approaches, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The current review discusses open questions on the diagnosis and management of P-LCNEC, as well as recent advances in its genomic and transcriptomic characterization that create promising therapeutic opportunities.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"21 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46933548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical biomarkers directing the management of patients with colon and lung cancer (beyond oncogene-addicted NSCLC)","authors":"I. Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, A. Kyriazoglou, M. Dimopoulos, M. Gavriatopoulou","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Treatment personalisation plays a key role in the current management of patients with cancer. Several biomarkers have shown clinical utility and may guide therapeutic decisions. Amongst patients with lung cancer, the level of expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has both prognostic and predictive values in terms of response to the inhibition of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Depending on the clinical setting, the expression of PD-L1 ≥1% or ≥50% has been associated with improved outcomes amongst patients receiving pembrolizumab. Regarding patients with colorectal carcinoma, mutations in the KRAS oncogene predict the responsiveness to the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Only patients with wild-type KRAS tumours derive benefit from cetuximab and panitumumab in terms of response and survival. In conclusion, future research should aim in the optimisation of the use of biomarker in the clinical practice in order to provide the optimal drug combination to each individual patient.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"3 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43574532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer-associated thromboembolism: could direct-acting oral anticoagulants be a promising therapeutic option? Literature review","authors":"P. Savvari","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Cancer-associated thromboembolism (CAT) is usually managed with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) or vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). The recent data suggest that direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) might have a role in the management of CAT both in terms of prevention and treatment. The aim of this article is to review the current literature regarding the use of DOACs in patients with cancer. Methods PUBMED and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to identify prospective trials on patients with cancer managed with DOACs as either primary prophylaxis or treatment of venous thromboembolic events. Results In terms of primary prophylaxis, five studies (CASSINI, ADVOCATE, MYELAXAT, NCT02958969, and AVERT) have been identified. When considered together, CASSINI and AVERT showed a significant benefit of rivaroxaban and apixaban, respectively, versus placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE), with a low incidence of major bleeding and no significant difference in mortality. ADVOCATE, MYELAXAT, and NCT02958969 showed that apixaban was well tolerated in patients with metastases receiving chemotherapy or those with multiple myeloma receiving immunomodulatory imide drugs. With respect to VTE treatment, 3 studies (HOKUSAI-VTE, SELECT-D, and ADAM-VTE) were identified. These studies demonstrated significantly lower rates of VTE recurrences in patients treated with edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or apixaban, without compromise on safety. Conclusions DOACs seem a promising therapeutic option in CAT. As cancer is a heterogeneous disease, future research will clarify the role of these newer anticoagulant agents in both prevention and treatment of cancer-related VTE.","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"11 1","pages":"22 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44998875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors in oncology","authors":"E. Karamitrousis, M. Liontos, N. Tsoukalas","doi":"10.2478/fco-2019-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2019-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38592,"journal":{"name":"Forum of Clinical Oncology","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46355111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}