Siru Chen, Aiqiang Pan, Kaixin Lin, Hau Him Lee, T. C. Ho, C. Tso
{"title":"Scalable and High-Performance Core-Shell Microparticle Embedded Polymer Coating for Thermal-Controllable Passive Radiative Cooling","authors":"Siru Chen, Aiqiang Pan, Kaixin Lin, Hau Him Lee, T. C. Ho, C. Tso","doi":"10.1115/es2022-80943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-80943","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Air conditioning systems consume a significant amount of energy used in buildings while the refrigerants used in air conditioners leads to ozone layer depletion, causing global warming. Recently, to mitigate this issue, passive radiative cooling has attracted great interest. By reflecting the solar irradiance and selectively emitting mid-infrared thermal radiation, net cooling can be realized by passive radiative cooling without any power input. However, practically, a cooling effect is not desired all year round. To solve this problem, in this study, we propose a thermal-controllable passive radiative cooling coating (TPRCC) consisting of a hierarchically porous structured polymer embedded with thermochromic core-shell microparticles, which can automatically regulate the solar reflectivity by the ambient temperature. This study aims to develop a simple method to fabricate the proposed TPRCC with several common colors (i.e. grey, green, yellow, and red) as well as to investigate its cooling power modulation ability numerically. Based on the results of the study, among those colors, the green-TPRCC achieves the best radiative cooling and cooling power modulation ability, which shows the adjustable solar reflectivity between 68.64% to 92.60% under medium concentrations of thermochromic dyes with estimated 265 W/m2 cooling power modulation ability. Overall, the proposed TPRCC shows tremendous potential to be applied on exterior walls of smart-green buildings, and thus save a large amount of energy consumed by air conditioning systems thanks to its functionality and adjustable appearance.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128358395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lateef A. Jolaoso, J. Asadi, Chuancheng Duan, P. Kazempoor
{"title":"A Novel Hydrogen Economy Based on Electrochemical Cells Fully Integrated With Fossil Fuel Assets and Wastewater Resources","authors":"Lateef A. Jolaoso, J. Asadi, Chuancheng Duan, P. Kazempoor","doi":"10.1115/es2022-80238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-80238","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Water and energy are two inseparable and interdependent phenomena that play essential roles in economic productivity and sustainable development. This paper presents a novel, highly efficient, and modular hydrogen production unit that can be fully integrated with numerous power production units, including coal and natural gas-fired power plants. The system is designed to utilize various water sources as the process’s feedstock. All process components, including waste-water treatment system, flue gas cooling, separating unit, and high-temperature solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), are simulated and integrated using Aspen HYSYS. The SOEC model is first validated with experimental and available numerical data. The validation results show that the model can accurately predict SOEC performance at various operating conditions. Afterward, various system configurations are presented, and a comprehensive process analysis has been implemented to evaluate the effects of operating and design parameters on the system performance and efficiency of 97.4% for the SOEC. The overall thermal-to-hydrogen efficiency of the system is 56.3% without heat integration.\u0000 Moreover, this novel process is integrated with renewable energy sources to ensure the system contribution to global energy decarbonization. Finally, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to analyze the environmental impacts of the proposed system. The results indicate that the overall damage level is almost 50% higher using coal power plant as electricity source as to the solar PV and that water-energy nexus is eminent in energy sustainability, water preservation, and the prospect of this integrated system.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123512625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study of the Piezoelectric Properties of UV-Selective Optically Transparent Zn(O,S) Based Solar Cells","authors":"I. Hijazi, Rui Xie","doi":"10.1115/es2022-84373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-84373","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hybrid photovoltaic and piezoelectric structures can convert photons to electrical energy by using the photovoltaic part and mechanical energy to electrical energy by using the piezoelectric part, in the presence of rain, wind etc, where there is not enough sunlight for photo-conversion. To date, state-of-the art UV-selective solar cells are mainly based on the use of zinc oxide (ZnO) as the absorber material. ZnO presents high absorption coefficient (α(λ) > 104 cm−1 for λ < 390 nm) and a direct energy bandgap of 3.37 e V. By anion alloying ZnO with sulfur (S), it is possible to fabricate Zn(O,S) mixed crystals that present a bandgap energy bowing with a reported minimum value at 2.7 eV, presenting a more optimal spectral match with the UV region. These structures can be used to create UV-selective solar cells with high transparency in the visible region, that can be utilized in many applications including the development of nonintrusive building-integrated photo-voltaic (BIPV) elements as transparent solar windows and glass-based solar façades. In addition, ZnO and Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) have the ability to convert applied mechanical strain energy to harvestable electrical energy in nano/microdevice. The wurtzite ZnO and ZnS materials exhibit excellent piezoelectric property along the [0001] direction because of their non-centrosymmetric structure. Therefore, in this research we conducted molecular dynamic (MD) simulations on a selected UV-TPV Zn(O1–xSx) structures and reported their polarization and the piezoelectric constants and compared them to pure ZnO and ZnS structures.\u0000 The MD results show that the polarization and piezoelectric constants values were all intermediate between those obtained for ZnO and ZnS bulk structures, indicating good piezoelectric properties for the Zn(O1–xSx) structures.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126525274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal-Mechanical Analysis of an Additive Manufacturing Ceramic Heat Exchanger for High-Temperature Recuperator in a sCO2 Power System","authors":"Zhiwen Ma, S. Jape, P. Davenport, David Lipke","doi":"10.1115/es2022-85438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-85438","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton power cycle can be configured in a closed-loop power system and has a potentially high cycle efficiency. Compactness and high efficiency of a sCO2 power block make the sCO2 Brayton cycle a versatile power cycle in broad applications. While many heat sources are of sufficient intensity to produce high temperature working fluids to achieve high cycle efficiency, the thermal-mechanical stability of traditional materials (e.g., steels and nickel-based superalloys) used in construction of heat exchangers and turbine components limits the operating conditions and thus thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This effort seeks to establish the viability of ceramic heat exchanger technologies for the most extreme operating conditions envisioned for power generation and other high temperature processes. Heat exchangers constructed from ultra-high temperature ceramics, a class of extreme environment materials featuring melting points (Tmp.) above 3000°C, is particularly appealing for sCO2 Brayton cycles given their ultra-low creep rates and very high retained strength at low homologous temperatures (i.e., T < 0.5 Tmp., or at least 1500°C). To translate these materials properties to ultra-high temperature heat exchangers, innovations are required in ceramic manufacturing techniques to realize the complex architectures featured in compact heat exchangers with high power density. With appropriate processing, ZrB2-SiC based compositions can be sintered to near full density and shaped into complex topologies via ceramic additive manufacturing methods. This paper analyzes heat exchanger designs and explores thermal-mechanical implications of the operating environment. Thermal flow, heat transfer, and conjugate mechanical analyses provide insights into benefits and risks associated with the design approach.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131972124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review of Passive Cooling Technology Performance Testing Methods","authors":"David A. Young, E. Stefanakos, D. Goswami","doi":"10.1115/es2022-81877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-81877","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent research has shown that it is possible to achieve significant cooling by radiative methods without the use of mechanical equipment that require significant amount of electrical power. These passive cooling methods rely on reflecting most of the solar radiation and emitting radiation in the “atmospheric window” wavelength ranges where the atmosphere is transparent, so that a surface exchanges radiation directly with the extremely cold outer space. This literature review noted that almost all published experimental studies on radiative cooling were conducted under different environmental conditions and methodologies, making it almost impossible to compare the results. In this paper, we present a literature review, focusing on daytime radiative cooling performance, that showed an array of testing methods and environmental conditions, leading to the research question of how these technologies would compare with the same testing standard. Slight variations in environmental conditions, setup, and instrumentation from one experiment to another can present large differences in reported performance, even for the same passive radiative cooling device. Examples of setups include non-standard insulated testing chambers, convection barriers, vacuum chambers, shading devices, and instruments like feedback heaters, pyranometers, infrared radiometers and thermocouples. The testing methods reviewed point to the need for a standard cooling potential performance measurement method for the advancement of passive radiative cooling technology.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114499361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hatcher, Rajan Khadka, Bharath Pidaparthi, S. Missoum, Peiwen Li, Ben Xu
{"title":"Multiphysics Numerical Study of Solar Receiver Tube for Enhanced Thermal Efficiency and Durability in Concentrated Solar Power Tower Plant","authors":"S. Hatcher, Rajan Khadka, Bharath Pidaparthi, S. Missoum, Peiwen Li, Ben Xu","doi":"10.1115/es2022-81009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-81009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the search for advanced and more substantial ways to use renewable energy, concentrated solar power (CSP) is one of the leading research ideas with the ability to have higher thermal efficiencies and capability of storing energy. Among the various CSP systems, the receiver tube in concentrated solar power tower (CSPT) plant is one of the most crucial components subjected to extreme working conditions. For tubular receiver operates with temperatures above 700°C, preliminary simulations shown an egregious temperature gradient greater than from the sunny side to the shadow region for a smooth tube, and the intense heat on the tube surface also causes deformation and buckling, therefore circumferential flow needs to be induced in order to create more flow mixing for a more uniform temperature distribution. In this study, COMSOL Multiphysics was adopted to explore the coupled hydro-thermal-mechanical effects when the receiver tubes have internal fins. The solar receiver tube is a hybrid material made of Inconel 718 and Boron mixture. The simulation showcases both forced and natural convection along with the solar radiation on one half of the tube. Multiple fins designs were simulated and compared in terms of heat transfer enhancement and minimized pressure drop, and the design of 7-head helical fins was chosen. By introducing the internal fins, the circumferential flow was observed in the flow domain, therefore it eventually led to a more uniform temperature profile for both the outer surface and bulk fluid temperatures. With a more uniform, lower surface temperature, the convective heat losses are considerably lower. The thermal efficiency was enhanced from 79.4% to 80.4%, and the structural deformation was reduced by 21.4%. Simulations were conducted to explore the effect of tube surface roughness on the absorbance and reflectivity. Various randomly generated curves with changing roughness heights were considered. The results proved that the increased surface roughness enhances the solar absorption from 0.55 to 0.80 with the hybrid mixture. This study has potential to transform the design and manufacturing of solar receiver tubes for high temperature applications, and it can directly support the current on-going efforts to reach the US Department of Energy (DOE) CSP 2030 goal.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"904 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132530560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of a Bi-Metal High Temperature Recuperator for Application in Concentrating Solar Power","authors":"Jacob Bryan, Aiden S. Meek, Hailei Wang","doi":"10.1115/es2022-81388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-81388","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, supercritical CO2 closed-cycle Brayton cycles have become a major candidate for future power cycle designs in concentrating solar power (CSP) applications, with many of these designs including partial recompression and regeneration to increase thermal efficiency. This increase in efficiency, combined with potential miniaturization of heat transfer equipment and turbomachinery, could help significantly decrease the cost of energy generated by CSP plants. The high-temperature recuperator in these designs plays an integral role in these cycles and must operate and high temperatures and pressures. Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) have become a leading technology for these recuperators due to their size advantage over traditional shell and tube heat exchangers. However, PCHEs for high-temperature recuperators often must be built from costly nickel alloys to accommodate the extreme operating conditions.\u0000 One potential solution to this cost problem is to tailor the material of the heat exchanger body to its operating conditions, rather than needing to choose a single material. This could be accomplished by using additive manufacturing to create a multi-material unibody heat exchanger, with a high-performance nickel alloy being used only where temperature and pressure dictate its use. Specifically, powder bed fusion (PBF) would be used to create the low-temperature portion of the recuperator in stainless steel 316L, then the high temperature region would be added directly to the low-temperature portion in Inconel 625 using directed energy deposition (DED). This methodology would have the additional benefit of being able to manufacture the heat exchanger headers at the same time as the core. In this project, a 1-D model of such a heat exchanger is devised which models the variability of both fluid and solid properties.\u0000 The design of the heat exchanger core is based on existing PCHE core designs. While optimizing the core design, a number of different channel shapes and fin configurations are considered. Arrays of airfoil fins appear to have comparable heat transfer performance with reduced pressure drop when compared to other core designs. A multi-objective optimization of a small-scale heat exchanger is then performed using the 1-D model in order to determine the dimensional parameters which simultaneously maximize the heat exchanger effectiveness and minimize its size. Two designs appear in the Pareto front resulting from this optimization. Analysis shows that the design with less heat transfer area achieves higher effectiveness by limiting axial conduction in the walls of the recuperator while also suffering much less pressure drop in both fluids.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134241625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CFD Based Design Optimization of Multiple Helical Swirl-Inducing Fins for Concentrated Solar Receivers","authors":"Bharath Pidaparthi, S. Missoum, Ben Xu","doi":"10.1115/es2022-80317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-80317","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) has the potential to realize grid parity. This can be achieved by operating CSP systems at temperatures above 700 °C to reach high thermal efficiencies (> 50%). However, operating CSP systems at elevated temperatures poses several problems, among which the design of solar receivers to handle increased thermal loads is critical. To this end, this work explores and optimizes various swirl-inducing internal fin designs for improving heat transfer in solar receiver tubes. These fin designs, in addition to enhancing the thermal performance of receiver tubes, are also capable of reducing temperature unevenness caused by nonuniform solar loads. This work optimizes the geometric parameters such as height and helical pitch of these fin designs by maximizing the Nusselt number with a constraint on the friction factor. The fin design optimization, however, is computationally intensive, often requiring hundreds of simulation call to the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. To circumvent this problem, this work employs surrogate models to approximate the simulation outputs needed during the optimization.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132452782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frederick B. Mitri, W. Dennis, K. Anderson, Wael Yassine
{"title":"Compost Waste Heat to Power Organic Rankine Cycle Design and Analysis","authors":"Frederick B. Mitri, W. Dennis, K. Anderson, Wael Yassine","doi":"10.1115/es2022-81531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-81531","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents the research conducted for an industry partner with the goal of developing a waste heat driven, fully renewable and green, power plant. The industry partner was desirous of a compost waste heat driven power plant with the possibility of supplemental solar thermal energy boost, but with the main energy source being compost. The goal is for the plant to operate with a duty of 24/7 on compost waste heat and utilize solar thermal energy to boost power output during the day. This paper discusses the design of a suitable Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant, the design of a compost driven heat exchanger/boiler, compost pile thermal analysis, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) hybrid plant analysis, and expected power output analysis for this concept. Furthermore, the selection of isobutane as the baseline refrigerant for this ORC plant will be justified. Analysis was conducted and a feasibility study was carried out in order to determine if the concept is feasible and competitive in the open market. As such, a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis was also performed to ensure that the energy produced at this plant would come at a reasonable, competitive cost. The results shown herein for a hybrid CSP / compost waste to heat isobutane driven ORC powerplant afford an LCOE on the order of 4 ¢/kWh for compost alone and 10.7 ¢/kWh for compost and CSP solar. These are in comparison to the average LCOE for solar stations of approximately 10 ¢/kWh. Paramount to the operation of the compost waste heat to power plant presented herein is the correct design and selection of the heat exchanger which interfaces the compost waste heat stream to the isobutane ORC. The design and analysis of this heat exchanger is given in detail herein.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127106926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance Measurement and Verification of Variable-Speed Packaged Rooftop Units","authors":"Weimin Wang, S. Katipamula, Ronald M. Underhill","doi":"10.1115/es2022-85256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/es2022-85256","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Packaged rooftop units (RTUs) are widely used in commercial buildings. Most RTUs in the field are equipped with constant-speed fans and compressors. Many efforts have been made to increase the operational efficiency of RTUs with advanced design and controls. This paper presents a field study that evaluates the cooling efficiency and energy performance of RTUs with all variable-speed components, including the supply fan, the compressor, and the condenser fan. The field evaluation was performed at two sites: a supermarket in New Smyrna Beach, FL and an office building in Fort Worth, TX. On each site, a conventional RTU with constant-speed fans and compressors was selected as the reference. A set of sensors were used to measure the dry-bulb temperature and the relative humidity for the outdoor air, the return air, the mixed air, and the supply air. The RTU total power consumption was also measured using a power transducer. These sensor measurements, together with a number of control signals were monitored at 1-minute intervals. Based on the monitored data, the energy efficiency ratios (EERs) was computed for each unit daily and over the entire monitoring period. On the Florida site, the advanced RTU had an overall EER of 10.9, which was about 31% higher than the reference unit. In contrast, on the Texas site, the advanced RTU had an overall EER of 12.2, which was about 16% higher than the reference unit. The economic analysis showed that relative to an alternative scenario that either the units were not replaced or like-to-like replacements were made, the advanced RTU could at least reduce the electricity bill by $1670/yr and $4082/yr on the two sites.","PeriodicalId":384147,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116729914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}