Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing最新文献

{"title":"Virtual encoder: a two-dimension visual odometer for NDT","authors":"T. E. Kalid, Everton Trento Jr., Tatiana de A. Prado, G. Pires, G. A. Guarneri, T. Passarin, D. Pipa","doi":"10.58286/28119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28119","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Odometer information is an important feature of NDT systems for inspection procedures that involve mechanical scanning. Knowledge of transducer position during the inspection allows for the localization of flaws and the fusion (stitching) of several images into more sophisticated representations of the inspected object. Commercial encoders provide NDT systems with accurate realtime displacement information that can be integrated to obtain odometry. However, this information is typically limited to a single axis. Although composite schemes with more than one encoder can be built to provide 2-D or 3-D spatial information, they are mechanically intricate and lack flexibility and ease of use. We propose a 2-D position-tracking solution that is based on image processing. A miniature camera continuously captures images of the external surface of the inspected object, which are fed to an algorithm that detects and stores 2-D displacement between each pair of consecutive images. Additionally, the orientation quaternions provided by an Inertial Measurement Unit are stored, allowing for posterior 3-D path reconstruction over objects of known geometries, such as oil pipes. Besides logging position and orientation histories, the device also provides real-time displacement information to the NDT system, where it is perceived as a set of single-axis encoders, thus termed “the virtual encoder”. We demonstrate the applicability of the device to both contact and immersion ultrasonic inspections. The results show that the concept is promising, despite being based on simple principles and relatively easy to implement. The source code is provided as additional material in https://github.com/thiagokalid/VirtualEncoder-ECNDT-2023.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"91 29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121022093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsupervised deep learning for defect detection on CT parts using simulated data","authors":"Virginia Florian, C. Kretzer, S. Kasperl, Richard Schielein, B. Montavon, R. H. Schmitt","doi":"10.58286/28146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28146","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Computed tomography (CT) is a prominent technology for nondestructive quality control and is already used in industry for defect detection. However, as quality control is shifting towards a full in-line inspection, automatic CT analysis is required to meet the tight production time. Nonetheless, in settings where a high amount of data is produced, a robust fully automatic defect detection is essential In the past years, deep learning (DL) has been extensively used to perform vision tasks in an automatic way, and given its promising results, has been successfully applied in CT settings. Most of the recent work is based on supervised DL often adapted from results in the medical field. Supervised DL, although extremely powerful, has the drawbacks of requiring a high amount of labeled data done by experts and is biased to the specific dataset used. Therefore, an unsupervised DL model is presented. A two stages network formed by an auto-encoder and an autoregressive model, originally implemented for image generation, is adapted for volume segmentation. The network is trained on the specific task of defect segmentation of cast aluminum parts. CAD models of such parts are gathered, and corresponding simulated CT scans are acquired. Results show that the architecture, although originally implemented for data generation, can be adapted for CT volume segmentation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127720644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the use of inline phase transformation sensors in a hot strip mill: case studies","authors":"Haibing Yang, F. van den Berg, J. Mosk, Mark Dolby, W. Jacobs, Joe West, Simon Kerley","doi":"10.58286/28061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28061","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Dynamic cooling control process on the run-out table (ROT) in a hot strip mill (HSM) is an important step to achieve the hot-rolled steel product quality required by customers. The measurements of strip temperature and the amount of transformed phase on the ROT are complementary to each other for the tracking of the material state of the strip during the cooling process. Infrared pyrometers have been widely used for the measurement of strip temperatures, while commercial systems for inline measurement of steel’s phase transformation only became available in recent years. Since 2015, a Transformation Monitor sensor system using EMSpec Technology has been deployed on the ROT of the HSM#2 at Tata Steel in the Netherlands for inline measurement of phase transformation. This paper presents use case studies of the Transformation Monitor. It will demonstrate the advantages of in-situ real time measurement of phase transformation, not only to reveal the internal microstructure of steel strips but also to measure the evolution of transformation–time trajectory on the run-out cooling table, as a complimentary measurement to pyrometer-based surface temperature measurement.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123606048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of hit/miss and ‘â versus a’ POD calculations for short surface cracks using inductive thermography","authors":"B. Oswald-Tranta, P. Lopez de Uralde Olavera, E. Gorostegui-Colinas, P. Westphal","doi":"10.58286/28076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Inductive thermography is an inspection technique that consists of the heating of a sample or a component by short induced eddy current pulses (duration of 50-100 ms) while an infrared camera records the evolution of the surface temperature. Surface cracks in metals can be excellently detected by this inspection technique. Both the eddy currents and the heat diffusion are disturbed by cracks, therefore becoming visible in the infrared images. The recorded image sequence is processed using the Fourier transform, and the resulting phase image is analysed directly by technicians (human-based detection) or developed defect detection algorithms (computer-based), to localize the defects. For industrial applications, the reliability of an inspection technique is very important. This is why it is necessary to calculate the probability of detection (POD) of the technology considered for each case study. The goal of this investigation is to compare the two standard parametric POD calculation techniques, ‘hit/miss’ and ‘â versus a’, for detecting surface cracks with inductive thermography on the nickel-based austenitic superalloy Inconel 718. First, artificial defects are considered for an ‘â vs a’ POD analysis and results are compared to finite element simulations. Additionally, real cracks on TIG welds, created with a Varestraint test machine, have also been considered and corresponding ‘hit/miss’ POD calculations have been performed. However, it is important to note, that the deeper a crack, the larger obstacle it creates for the eddy current and for the heat flow. Hence not only the defect length, but also its depth affects the signal around it. This implies that the calculated POD depends on both the crack length and depth and that in some cases ‘hit/miss’ POD analysis will not be enough.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"1991 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125511731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using DICONDE for NDT Data Exchange","authors":"G. Jacob, Jens-Peter Tuppatsch, R. Rodeck, F. Raddatz, Gerko Wende","doi":"10.58286/28089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28089","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The processing of multiple data sets from different NDT vendors and systems can be challenging. Accessing the data requires dealing with different and often proprietary data formats. In addition to that the correct spatial alignment requires knowledge and information about the acquisition system and must consider different approaches for markers and reference coordinate systems. The key features of NDE 4.0 and digital twin concepts are storage and interoperability with standard data formats. In this example data from thermography, manual ultrasonic testing and immersion ultrasonic testing are considered. For established devices multiple tools exist for the conversion of data into image-based formats. However, besides the lack of spatial alignment there is a need to access the raw data for further processing. In medical and CT-like applications the DICOM format has become a widely used exchange format. Its derivative DICONDE transfers this into the field of NDT. This study demonstrates the use of this format for data processing from multiple NDT methods and addresses issues related to interoperability and the integration of less structured data from inspections.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125632769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction of rejects by combining data from the casting process and automatic X-ray inspection","authors":"T. Stocker, F. Sukowski, Julius Mehringer, Henning Frechen, Felix Schäfer, Dennis Freier","doi":"10.58286/28227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28227","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Automatic inspection of castings with X-rays (radiographic and computed tomography)\u0000\u0000is widespread for parts that are relevant for safety or have high quality requirements.\u0000\u0000Examples in the automotive sector are aluminum wheels, chassis parts and new parts\u0000\u0000within the electric power train. Those parts are automatically inspected, which means\u0000\u0000that both the image acquisition and the evaluation of the images is done fully\u0000\u0000automatically. Today, in most industrial implementations, the generated data with a size\u0000\u0000up to several gigabytes per part is summarized to a simple good or bad decision,\u0000\u0000according to specification. All other data is dismissed, although this information can be\u0000\u0000valuable to optimize production processes and thus minimize rejects.\u0000\u0000This contribution gives an overview about the results of the project Cast Control, which\u0000\u0000is a collaboration of Fraunhofer Development Center for X-ray Technology EZRT,\u0000\u0000Fraunhofer Center for Applied Research on Supply Chain Services SCS and industry\u0000\u0000partner RONAL GROUP. RONAL GROUP is a major aluminum wheel manufacturer,\u0000\u0000mainly for the OEM market. Within the project we combined serial production data\u0000\u0000from the low pressure die casting process from a foundry of the RONAL GROUP with\u0000\u0000the data generated in the automatic X-ray inspection. After collecting a large base of\u0000\u0000sample data, we were able train a neural network for the prediction of error metrics\u0000\u0000obtained by X-ray inspection. We apply a combination of layer-wise relevance\u0000\u0000propagation and dimensionality reduction to find correlations between data of the\u0000\u0000casting machines (process and sensor) and the characteristics of anomalies detected\u0000\u0000during X-ray inspection.\u0000\u0000With this information, it is possible to adjust the casting process in an early stage – even\u0000\u0000before rejects are produced. This enables the foundry to reduce their rejects rate, which\u0000\u0000saves costs and energy and results in a better competitivenessin a better competitiveness.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131801027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ microstructure monitoring during tempering of quenched AISI4340 steels using a high temperature electromagnetic sensor","authors":"F. Wu, Lei Zhou, C. Davis","doi":"10.58286/28206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28206","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000AISI 4340 steels are used in applications where high strength and toughness are required, for example, in power transmission gears and shafts, aircraft landing gear and other structural components. The required mechanical properties are achieved by hot rolling and quenching and tempering (Q&T) heat treatment. For optimum process efficiency and quality control, it is desirable to monitor the microstructural development during tempering in situ, as the microstructure is directly linked to the mechanical properties. Electromagnetic (EM) sensors have been shown to be sensitive to steel microstructural changes due to the associated changes in magnetic and electrical properties. This study reports on using a high-temperature laboratory EM sensor that operates inside a furnace to assess microstructural changes that occur during tempering at 250°C for AISI4340 steel samples. The sensor operates at low magnetic field and low frequency where the signal is affected by changes in magnetic permeability due to microstructural changes. The microstructure and hardness have been characterised to correlate to the measured EM sensor signal. The results have shown that the EM sensor signal is affected by temperature and microstructural changes on the slow heating to the tempering temperature and then is sensitive to the continuing microstructure changes that occur during the isothermal hold. The results show the potential for in-situ EM sensor monitoring during heat treatment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122247910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-sensing metallic material based on piezoelectric particles","authors":"Pedro M. Ferreira, M. Machado, M. Carvalho, C. Vidal","doi":"10.58286/28107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Structural parts’ integrity should remain as specified and designed, although it can change due to ageing and use by environmental action and accidental events. Structural parts design is carried out considering certain service conditions that can be different from operating conditions. These parts often experience dynamic solicitations that change in amplitude and frequency over time, which may cause the part’s failure. The part’s real condition can be assessed by Structural Health Monitoring systems, which grant significant social, economic, and environmental impact, as they can reduce maintenance costs and ensure the integrity of the part and its surroundings. This can be performed with an integrated monitoring system comprising sensors, on the surface or embedded, into the components. However, surface sensors are subject to damage, from collisions and/or environmental action, and embedding sensors can be very challenging and may result in a weakened part. A Self-Sensing Material (SSM) was developed based on piezoelectric particles embedded in metal parts by a solid-state processing technology. The material can act as a sensor and continuously monitor its condition. The SSM's generates an electrical voltage signal when subject to strain stimulus. Moreover, the solid-state processing technology employed promotes mechanical properties enhancement in the processed zone, not only by the grain size reduction but also due to the incorporation of the piezoelectric particles. The response to a set of dynamic loads was assessed and was found to be coherent with the solicitations applied.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123313069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of an ultrasound-based system for cataract detection and classification","authors":"Mário J. Santos, Inês M Conceição, Lorena Petralla, F. Perdigão, Jaime B. Santos, M. Caixinha, Marco Gomes, M. Morgado","doi":"10.58286/28222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28222","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cataract is a cloudiness in the lens of the eye affecting its transparency. Surgical cataract removal is the only therapeutic approach. Phacoemulsification is the most common surgical procedure, in which ultrasound energy is used to emulsify the cataractous lens. The hardness of the cataract determines the optimal energy for the phacoemulsification procedure. The objective of this work is to model an ultrasoundbased system for cataract detection and classification. It was developed a computational tool for simulating the propagation of A-scan ultrasound in the eye, using the k-Wave MATLAB toolbox. Considering the computational resources available and the dimensions of cataractous microstructures, it was determined a suitable resolution that enables the simulation of ultrasound propagation through the cataractous eye in 2D and 3D. Being so, a pixel size of 8 µm was stablished. A matrix representing the eye structures was constructed in MATLAB. Since on simulations it was considered a focalized probe only the central part of the eye matrix was used. It was observed that 2D and 3D simulated signals present some differences, mainly in the amplitudes of the echoes corresponding to the interfaces of the eye. The chosen resolution was suitable for the purpose of this work. The simulation tool shows good versatility for evaluating diverse aspects of A-scan biometry.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130802035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Temperature Magnetic Properties of Selected Steel Grades","authors":"John W. Wilson, Lei Zhou, F. Wu, F. van den Berg, Haibing Yang, C. Davis, A. Peyton","doi":"10.58286/28135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28135","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In order to effectively control the microstructure of steel strip during manufacture it is vital that techniques be developed to monitor microstructural changes in the steel at high temperatures. Electromagnetic non-destructive testing is increasingly being used in these applications as it is non-contact, robust, relatively inexpensive and has the potential to provide real-time feedback to control the manufacturing process. However, if the data produced by these systems is to be fully exploited it is necessary to accurately measure the magnetic properties of steel grades of interest at temperatures up to the Curie point. This work details measurements carried out to assess the magnetic properties of selected steels grades, supplied by Tata Steel, up to the Curie temperature using a novel test rig based on a modified Epstein frame designed by the University of Manchester with high temperature trials at the University of Warwick. Several steel grades are studied with the full magnetic hysteresis (BH) loops reported during heating and cooling, along with extracted magnetic parameters including coercivity, magnetic saturation and magnetic permeability. The magnetic parameters of the selected steel grades are compared and implications of the results on electromagnetic monitoring of steel strip during manufacture considered. Results show the developed system has the potential to provide valuable data to inform online electromagnetic monitoring systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132591056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}