SAE Technical Papers最新文献

{"title":"Virtual Reality Based Study on Pre-Impact Position of Auto Rickshaw Driver","authors":"Ragul S, Sundhareswaran G, Hariharan Sankarasubramanian, Selva Prasanna, Sriram Vijayaraghavan","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0118","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The role of Virtual Reality (VR) platform for experimental studies to mitigate severe injuries is known. A Virtual Reality (VR) module was developed to provide an Indian auto-rickshaw driver experience using commercially available Oculus Quest 2 VR headset. A Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) was developed and a study carried out among 20 auto-rickshaw drivers in Thanjavur, India. The DBQ questions provided data to shortlist the most likely near crash experiences among the surveyed drivers. A virtual reality environment was created using UNITY HUB software for one selected scenario from the DBQ survey analysis. A group of 10 volunteers to experience the event using VR gear in the biomechanical laboratory with reflective markers fixed on the body joints of the volunteers to obtain corresponding joint angles in the Neck, Lumbar, Shoulder, Hip, and Knee regions. This study identified various pre-crash reactions from drivers and compared them to the normal driving posture to determine the extent of diversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction in Synchronizer Ring Wear and Improving the Cone Torque Generation by Enhancing the Lapping Operation Using Statistical Technique","authors":"Barathi Raja K","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0116","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In automotive manual transmission gearboxes, the synchronizer rings play a vital role in gear shift operations. The efficiency of the synchronizer ring depends upon the frictional surface geometry. The critical parameter is the synchronizer ring frictional surface circularity. The circularity deviation causes higher synchronizer ring wear and poor cone torque generation. With the current manufacturing methods and the thickness of the synchronizer ring, circularity improvement is a challenge. The synchronizer ring thread turned part is lapped to improve the circularity. Reduction in circularity can be improved by optimizing the lapping operation. In this work, an optimal lapping condition was developed using statistical methods. Taguchi DOE was used to analyze the different parameter combinations along with the noise parameter – different ranges of circularity variation in turning operation. This helps to find the best lapping parameter settings to improve the reduction in circularity. This proposed lapping parameter setting was also confirmed for the circularity improvement by means of process capability comparison with existing settings. With the proposed lapping process, the circularity improvement is achieved without affecting the manufacturing time and cost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Asbestos Free Aramid Fibre based Friction lining Material for Automotive Application","authors":"Chandradass J, Thirugnanasambandham T, Amutha Surabi M, Baskara Sethupathi P, R Rajendran","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0122","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The usage of asbestos-free material has grown in the automotive, aviation, and marine sectors due to its carcinogenic nature. The present investigation is to evaluate the non-asbestos organic friction material for automotive applications using aramid fibers. The aramid fibers or pulp is one of the essential ingredients of friction material as it possesses good qualities of friction material like high wear resistance and reliability. The present work is to optimize the pulp required for the best performance of friction lining material for brake pads in the automotive industry. The pulp percentage is varied by 0, 5, 7.5, and 10 weight percentages in hybrid composite friction materials. The various mechanical, wear and microstructural analysis are studied. The experimental result revealed that friction material having 10 wt% of aramid fiber (AF) proved the best performance with superior mechanical and wear characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Axial Forming Process Parameters through Mathematical Modelling Approach","authors":"Shivam Jaiswal, Hamsi S L S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0154","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In the present amplifying automobile industry, the usage of modern manufacturing technology for splines has been enhanced extensively in conjunction with the conventional manufacturing process. Axial Forming process is specifically a cold bulk deforming technology for metals that is adequate for manufacturing of the High quality internal/external splines. The Aim of this paper is to study and optimize the process parameters of axial forming process to improve the Overall process performance. Axial Forming process characteristics like forming forces, surface quality, Spline Forming efficiency and Stress-Strain behavior are considered as prima facie to elaborate the process performance. Axial Forming Process is mathematically has to be modelled for Spline with Base Material- 42CrMo4 steel with feed speed in aforesaid encapsulated manufacturing process. The optimum value range of the process parameters helps in achieving the comprehensive optimum effect of small forming force, high product quality, and high forming efficiency and the process parameter selection method can be used reliably in similar studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Film Solar Cells by Chemical Synthesis","authors":"YB Kishore Kumar, Kiran YB, Hariprasad Tarigonda, Raghurami Reddy Doddipalli","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0139","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) is a promising quaternary semiconducting absorber layer in thin film heterojunction solar cells. All the elements of this compound semiconductor were abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic, hence CZTS is an alternative emerging optoelectronic material for Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ and CdTe solar cells. Using the traditional spray approach, these films were effectively grown at an ideal substrate temperature of 643 K. The deposited films are found to be a kesterite structure using X-ray diffraction studies. The lattice parameters are calculated from the XRD spectrum and are found to be a = b = 5.44 Å and c = 10.86 Å. The energy band gap and optical absorption coefficient are found to be 1.50 eV and above 10⁴ cm^-1 respectively. The material exhibits p-type conductivity. <b>After the chemical spray pyrolysis is completed, the deposited films remain on the hot plate, thus improving the films' crystallinity.</b> A Cu₂ZnSnS₄ solar cell is fabricated using entirely chemical synthesis methods. The absorber layer has been deposited using spray pyrolysis deposition. CdS used as the buffer layer and these films have been successfully deposited through chemical bath deposition. The thin film solar cell exhibits an open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 286 mV and 2.6 mA/cm². To attain reasonable efficiency, work is being done.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on Hybrid Cooling Topologies of Li-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles","authors":"V. Arul Mozhi Selvan, Palanisamy S, Hari Bharadwaj","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0173","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The performance standards of Li-ion batteries used in EVs have skyrocketed, owing to their rapid commercialization in recent years. This has made Li-ion battery thermal management more vital than ever before, as optimum performance is achieved only when the batteries are within the narrow temperature range of 25° to 40°C. However, the operating temperatures in a lot of EVs go way beyond 40°C, leading to a reduction in the battery performance and lifetime. This study aims to solve this problem by improving the battery packing and maintaining the battery temperature via a hybrid cooling system which involves both air-cooling and liquid cooling. The aim is achieved by varying the liquid coolant used in the system and the cell arrangement in the battery module which has 32 cells in an 8x4 arrangement. Water-ethylene glycol solution and two other nanofluids, namely cu-nanofluid (1% vol) and CNT-nanofluid (0.1% vol) have been used as the coolants while the cell arrangements considered are the aligned, staggered and cross arrangements. In the numerical model of the 6Ah, 123 V battery pack, each battery cell generates about 5 W and is represented as a cylinder enclosed in a case with an air-cooling setup and two liquid cool plates on the top and bottom being directly in contact with the battery cells. The model is simulated using ANSYS Fluent for various cell arrangements and coolants to identify the temperature profile of the entire battery. The best cooling effect was achieved with the staggered configuration, with the liquid coolant being Cu-nanofluid (1%). In this case, the maximum battery temperature was limited to 35.078°<i>C</i>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Torque Density Using Output Reduction Method in Transmission","authors":"Manikandan R, Barathi Raja K, Aneesh Kumar, Amit Ostwal","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0050","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Gears are one of the vital components to transmit torque efficiently. Helical gears are chosen as they transmit higher torque with lesser noise compared to spur gears of same size. All new age gearboxes require to transmit maximum torque with minimum packaging space available to improve torque density. Ways of reducing weight are using lesser density material, decreasing centre distance, and thereby reducing pitch circle diameter of all gears, etc. However, they will also affect torque carrying capacity of gearbox which can lead to gear failure in conventional transmission architecture gearboxes with input reduction method. In input reduction method, torque gets multiplied from input shaft to countershaft. Countershaft torque is multiplied to output shaft gears requiring higher torque capacity gears on output shaft. In this research, output shaft reduction architecture is proposed to avoid torque multiplication from input shaft to countershaft gears. It helps to reduce gear sizing on input shaft and countershaft gears. By using modular calculation methods, face width, centre distance and number of teeth are optimized to get higher torque density.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper presents a discussion on types of transmission layout configuration and compares input reduction method and output reduction configurations. Weight, size, deflection, and efficiency for same torque output is calculated between input reduction and output reduction. It is observed that output reduction configuration offers significant weight reduction for same torque capacity compared to input reduction with slight deterioration in efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"21 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Analysis of Retrofit for Root Crop Harvester","authors":"Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar, Boopathi M, S Sridhar Raj, K N Karthick, Vivek Kumar P, Balamurugan R, Iniya Mounika S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0052","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In India, agriculture is a vital part of the country’s economy and almost everything depends on it. It takes a lot of time and effort for the farmer to remove the leftover root vegetables and crops in soil. Even after manually removing these crops, they can’t fully recover the leftover thing. This process takes more time and is challenging for the farmer. Due to human error, around 20-30% of the crops and root crops are left out in the field. Unfortunately, poor farmers can’t afford the necessary equipment to remove these crops. Generally, Root crops are cultivated by root crop harvester through diggers present under the chassis in the middle which are seen randomly by operators and cultivated or else through cameras which are highly cost and not affordable by all the farmers, hard to maintain and not technically strong by the farmers to operate the cameras.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Hence, it is aimed to design a Plough machine to take the left over root crops in the field as well as to loosen/break up the soil simultaneously which will be mounted on the tractor or dragged by the tractor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135092549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Optimization Technique on Spark Erosion Machining of AA 2014 Alloy for Aircraft Components","authors":"Thejasree Pasupuleti, Manikandan Natarajan, Mude Ramesh Naik, Palanisamy D, Jothi Kiruthika, Vamsinath Polanki","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0146","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Due to their various features, aluminum alloy can be used in various applications. These include aerospace, automotive, and electrical and thermal applications. Compared to structural steels, aluminum offers superior corrosion resistance and specific strength. Aluminum alloy known as AA 2014 exhibits various mechanical properties. These include its improved strength and weight ratio. It can also be used in military and aircraft applications. Aluminum alloy is commonly used in various engineering applications, such as the manufacturing of structures and aircraft components. Due to its corrosion resistance, it can be utilized in severe environmental environments. Different methods are used in unconventional ways to generate complicated forms of electrical components. One of these is wire electro-discharge machine (WEDM). This process involves making intricate shapes out of conductive materials. The research conducted on the use of WEDM technology on AA 2014 aluminum alloy adopted the approach of Taguchi. The experiments were planned according to the various parameters involved in the process, such as the pulse on time, peak current, and off time. Some of the performance factors that were considered were the removal rate, surface roughness, and the dimensional deviation. Through the analysis of the various process variables, Taguchi was able to provide a comprehensive view of the process and its efficiency. This study will help manufacturers improve the machining performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of Gear-Shift Impulse of Two Different Architectures of a High-Torque Capacity Manual Inline Transmission","authors":"Barathi Raja K, Aneesh Kumar, Manikandan R, Amit Ostwal","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0119","url":null,"abstract":"Manual transmission (MT) is still the most preferred solution for emerging markets due to the lower cost of ownership and maintenance coupled with a higher transmission efficiency. In this regard, continuous improvement of the transmission shift quality is quite essential to meet the growing customer expectations. In the present work, a detailed evaluation of the gear-shift impulse (experienced at the gear-shift knob) is conducted between two different architectures of a manual, high-torque (450 Nm input torque) inline transmission meant for a sports utility vehicle (SUV). The conventional manual inline transmission architecture comprises a common gear pair at the input of the transmission. While this input reduction architecture is the most widely used architecture, having the common gear pair at the output of the transmission is also another option.The synchronizers of the manual transmission need to match the speed of the rotating components just before the gear-shifting event. The axial force required to achieve the synchronization depends heavily on the synchronizer torque capacity, reflected inertia of the rotating components, speed difference, and time required for synchronization. For the same synchronizer torque capacity, it is observed that a significant reduction (~ 40%) of the required axial force is possible by selecting the output reduction architecture. A reduction in the reflected inertia and speed difference are the main reasons for the observed results. Since the axial force requirement at the synchro-sleeve is directly proportional to the gear-shift force required at the gear-shift knob, a similar benefit could be achieved in the gear-shift impulse measured at the knob. The theoretical calculations are validated with the experimental measurements conducted through a sophisticated Gear Shift Quality Assessment (GSQA) equipment of RICARDO make. Detailed calculations of reflected inertia and speed difference in each operating gear along with the layout comparison are presented to support the measurement results.The benefit of the output reduction architecture could be utilized either to reduce the gear-shift impulse or to reduce the cost by going for a lesser capacity synchronizer. Moreover, a reduced synchronizer capacity helps package the complete synchronizer pack (synchro rings, sleeve, hub, clutch body ring) with a reduced packaging space requirement.","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}