SAE Technical Papers最新文献_第9页

Integration of Bi-Level Model and Mixed Integer Linear Programming for Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Distributed Energy Sources 基于双级模型和混合整数线性规划的分布式能源电动汽车充电站优化

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0100

Evangelin Jeba J, Suchitra D

{"title":"Integration of Bi-Level Model and Mixed Integer Linear Programming for Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Distributed Energy Sources","authors":"Evangelin Jeba J, Suchitra D","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0100","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In this research paper, a novel bi-level approach has been introduced to enhance grid flexibility through a flexible power management system, taking into account the availability of renewable and adaptable resources. The proposed optimization strategy focuses on minimizing the total daily idle time of Electric Vehicles (EVs) by optimizing charging processes at both Fast Charging Station (FCSs) and user-level charging. The objectives of FCS energy management and EV idle time are considered as lower and upper-level models, respectively, which are optimized by the proposed bi-level strategy with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The investigation confirms the effectiveness and reliability of the recommended optimization strategy. Test results highlight its success in enhancing financial gains for charging stations and EV users, benefiting grid operators and consumers alike. The outcomes reveal a notable decrease in the FCS day-to-day charge rate, dropping from $3795.84 to $3523.84, marking a 6.34% reduction and providing an advantage to station owners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study the Effect of Pneumatic Valve Characteristics due to Linear and Non-Linear Damping System 研究了线性和非线性阻尼系统对气动阀特性的影响

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0160

Sugumar Kandasamy, Sukumar T, Vamsi Krishna Pendyala, Anbarasu Govindarasu

{"title":"Study the Effect of Pneumatic Valve Characteristics due to Linear and Non-Linear Damping System","authors":"Sugumar Kandasamy, Sukumar T, Vamsi Krishna Pendyala, Anbarasu Govindarasu","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0160","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Pneumatic valves are widely used in heavy commercial vehicles’ air braking systems. These valves are mainly used in the braking system layout to maintain the vehicle stability during dynamic conditions. Rubber components are inevitable in valves as a sealing element, and it is very difficult to predict the behavior due to its nonlinear nature. Basically, this valve efficiency is defined in terms of performance and response characteristics. These characteristics are determined in the concept stage itself using 1D simulation software. AMESim software has a variety of elements to use in a unique way for performance and response behavior prediction. For pneumatic valves, 1D analysis is an effective method and it gives good correlation with actual test results. During the modelling of pneumatic valves, some of the contacts between rubber and metals are controlled by various parameters such as damping, contact stiffness and desired phase angle. Instead of giving these parameters to a linear contact element, rubber elements can be used to reduce the variations and increase the correlation with test results. Some of the challenges during modelling the rubber elements are, there is no incorporated rubber element with gap, end-stop controls, and it requires, load Vs deflection characteristics of the rubber (prediction of load and deflection). This paper deals with the modelling and parameterization of a typical pneumatic valve with linear and Non-linear contact elements. Outcome from the 1D simulation results have been validated with the experimental test results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Soft Reinforcement Particles on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Sintered Copper-Based Brake Composite Friction Material 软增强颗粒对烧结铜基制动复合摩擦材料组织、力学和摩擦学性能的影响

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0132

Raja P, Penchaliah Ramkumar

{"title":"Effect of Soft Reinforcement Particles on Microstructural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of Sintered Copper-Based Brake Composite Friction Material","authors":"Raja P, Penchaliah Ramkumar","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0132","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The main objective of the work is to investigate the friction and wear behavior of sintered copper-based brake composite friction material with a change in the volume percentage of soft reinforcement particles namely MoS<sub>2</sub> by pin-on-disc tribometer for medium-duty automotive applications. The composite brake friction material contains copper (Cu) as a matrix, tin (Sn) as an additive, silicon carbide (SiC) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) as hard and soft reinforcement particles and barium sulfate (BaSO<sub>4</sub>) as filler. These hybrids copper-based brake composite friction (pin) samples are successfully prepared by a change in compositions of MoS<sub>2</sub> from 0 to 5 vol. % in the step of 1 vol. % and the characterizations of friction samples are studied to understand the physical and mechanical properties such as density, hardness, and compressive strength. Finally, the dry sliding friction and wear test is conducted against grey cast iron material (disc) at constant load and sliding speed of 50 N and 5 m/s respectively using pin-on-disc equipment under room atmosphere. Based on the analysis of the result, the developed copper-based brake composite friction sample with 2 vol. % of MoS<sub>2</sub> has shown better mechanical and tribological properties among other compositions. Further, post-test analysis on the worn-out sample surfaces using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that change in wear mechanisms from abrasion to adhesion as an increase in the volume percentage of MoS<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Virtual Reality Based Study on Pre-Impact Position of Auto Rickshaw Driver 基于虚拟现实的机动三轮车驾驶员碰撞前位置研究

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0118

Ragul S, Sundhareswaran G, Hariharan Sankarasubramanian, Selva Prasanna, Sriram Vijayaraghavan

引用次数: 0

Reduction in Synchronizer Ring Wear and Improving the Cone Torque Generation by Enhancing the Lapping Operation Using Statistical Technique 利用统计技术改进研磨操作，减少同步器环磨损，提高锥面转矩产生

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0116

Barathi Raja K

{"title":"Reduction in Synchronizer Ring Wear and Improving the Cone Torque Generation by Enhancing the Lapping Operation Using Statistical Technique","authors":"Barathi Raja K","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0116","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In automotive manual transmission gearboxes, the synchronizer rings play a vital role in gear shift operations. The efficiency of the synchronizer ring depends upon the frictional surface geometry. The critical parameter is the synchronizer ring frictional surface circularity. The circularity deviation causes higher synchronizer ring wear and poor cone torque generation. With the current manufacturing methods and the thickness of the synchronizer ring, circularity improvement is a challenge. The synchronizer ring thread turned part is lapped to improve the circularity. Reduction in circularity can be improved by optimizing the lapping operation. In this work, an optimal lapping condition was developed using statistical methods. Taguchi DOE was used to analyze the different parameter combinations along with the noise parameter – different ranges of circularity variation in turning operation. This helps to find the best lapping parameter settings to improve the reduction in circularity. This proposed lapping parameter setting was also confirmed for the circularity improvement by means of process capability comparison with existing settings. With the proposed lapping process, the circularity improvement is achieved without affecting the manufacturing time and cost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of Asbestos Free Aramid Fibre based Friction lining Material for Automotive Application 汽车用无石棉芳纶摩擦衬里材料的研制

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0122

Chandradass J, Thirugnanasambandham T, Amutha Surabi M, Baskara Sethupathi P, R Rajendran

引用次数: 0

Optimization of Axial Forming Process Parameters through Mathematical Modelling Approach 用数学建模方法优化轴向成形工艺参数

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0154

Shivam Jaiswal, Hamsi S L S

{"title":"Optimization of Axial Forming Process Parameters through Mathematical Modelling Approach","authors":"Shivam Jaiswal, Hamsi S L S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0154","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In the present amplifying automobile industry, the usage of modern manufacturing technology for splines has been enhanced extensively in conjunction with the conventional manufacturing process. Axial Forming process is specifically a cold bulk deforming technology for metals that is adequate for manufacturing of the High quality internal/external splines. The Aim of this paper is to study and optimize the process parameters of axial forming process to improve the Overall process performance. Axial Forming process characteristics like forming forces, surface quality, Spline Forming efficiency and Stress-Strain behavior are considered as prima facie to elaborate the process performance. Axial Forming Process is mathematically has to be modelled for Spline with Base Material- 42CrMo4 steel with feed speed in aforesaid encapsulated manufacturing process. The optimum value range of the process parameters helps in achieving the comprehensive optimum effect of small forming force, high product quality, and high forming efficiency and the process parameter selection method can be used reliably in similar studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preparation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Film Solar Cells by Chemical Synthesis 化学合成制备铜锌锡硫化薄膜太阳能电池

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0139

YB Kishore Kumar, Kiran YB, Hariprasad Tarigonda, Raghurami Reddy Doddipalli

{"title":"Preparation of Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Thin Film Solar Cells by Chemical Synthesis","authors":"YB Kishore Kumar, Kiran YB, Hariprasad Tarigonda, Raghurami Reddy Doddipalli","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0139","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub> (CZTS) is a promising quaternary semiconducting absorber layer in thin film heterojunction solar cells. All the elements of this compound semiconductor were abundant, inexpensive, and non-toxic, hence CZTS is an alternative emerging optoelectronic material for Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> and CdTe solar cells. Using the traditional spray approach, these films were effectively grown at an ideal substrate temperature of 643 K. The deposited films are found to be a kesterite structure using X-ray diffraction studies. The lattice parameters are calculated from the XRD spectrum and are found to be a = b = 5.44 Å and c = 10.86 Å. The energy band gap and optical absorption coefficient are found to be 1.50 eV and above 10<sup>4</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> respectively. The material exhibits p-type conductivity. <b>After the chemical spray pyrolysis is completed, the deposited films remain on the hot plate, thus improving the films' crystallinity.</b> A Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub> solar cell is fabricated using entirely chemical synthesis methods. The absorber layer has been deposited using spray pyrolysis deposition. CdS used as the buffer layer and these films have been successfully deposited through chemical bath deposition. The thin film solar cell exhibits an open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 286 mV and 2.6 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>. To attain reasonable efficiency, work is being done.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation on Hybrid Cooling Topologies of Li-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles 电动汽车锂离子电池组混合冷却拓扑结构研究

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0173

V. Arul Mozhi Selvan, Palanisamy S, Hari Bharadwaj

{"title":"Investigation on Hybrid Cooling Topologies of Li-Ion Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles","authors":"V. Arul Mozhi Selvan, Palanisamy S, Hari Bharadwaj","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0173","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The performance standards of Li-ion batteries used in EVs have skyrocketed, owing to their rapid commercialization in recent years. This has made Li-ion battery thermal management more vital than ever before, as optimum performance is achieved only when the batteries are within the narrow temperature range of 25° to 40°C. However, the operating temperatures in a lot of EVs go way beyond 40°C, leading to a reduction in the battery performance and lifetime. This study aims to solve this problem by improving the battery packing and maintaining the battery temperature via a hybrid cooling system which involves both air-cooling and liquid cooling. The aim is achieved by varying the liquid coolant used in the system and the cell arrangement in the battery module which has 32 cells in an 8x4 arrangement. Water-ethylene glycol solution and two other nanofluids, namely cu-nanofluid (1% vol) and CNT-nanofluid (0.1% vol) have been used as the coolants while the cell arrangements considered are the aligned, staggered and cross arrangements. In the numerical model of the 6Ah, 123 V battery pack, each battery cell generates about 5 W and is represented as a cylinder enclosed in a case with an air-cooling setup and two liquid cool plates on the top and bottom being directly in contact with the battery cells. The model is simulated using ANSYS Fluent for various cell arrangements and coolants to identify the temperature profile of the entire battery. The best cooling effect was achieved with the staggered configuration, with the liquid coolant being Cu-nanofluid (1%). In this case, the maximum battery temperature was limited to 35.078°<i>C</i>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improvement of Torque Density Using Output Reduction Method in Transmission 采用减量法提高变速器转矩密度

SAE Technical Papers Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.4271/2023-28-0050

Manikandan R, Barathi Raja K, Aneesh Kumar, Amit Ostwal

{"title":"Improvement of Torque Density Using Output Reduction Method in Transmission","authors":"Manikandan R, Barathi Raja K, Aneesh Kumar, Amit Ostwal","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0050","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Gears are one of the vital components to transmit torque efficiently. Helical gears are chosen as they transmit higher torque with lesser noise compared to spur gears of same size. All new age gearboxes require to transmit maximum torque with minimum packaging space available to improve torque density. Ways of reducing weight are using lesser density material, decreasing centre distance, and thereby reducing pitch circle diameter of all gears, etc. However, they will also affect torque carrying capacity of gearbox which can lead to gear failure in conventional transmission architecture gearboxes with input reduction method. In input reduction method, torque gets multiplied from input shaft to countershaft. Countershaft torque is multiplied to output shaft gears requiring higher torque capacity gears on output shaft. In this research, output shaft reduction architecture is proposed to avoid torque multiplication from input shaft to countershaft gears. It helps to reduce gear sizing on input shaft and countershaft gears. By using modular calculation methods, face width, centre distance and number of teeth are optimized to get higher torque density.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper presents a discussion on types of transmission layout configuration and compares input reduction method and output reduction configurations. Weight, size, deflection, and efficiency for same torque output is calculated between input reduction and output reduction. It is observed that output reduction configuration offers significant weight reduction for same torque capacity compared to input reduction with slight deterioration in efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"21 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0