FP essentials最新文献_第4页

Female Pelvic Conditions: Foreword. 女性盆腔疾病：前言。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-12-01

Barry D Weiss

引用次数: 0

Female Pelvic Conditions: Dyspareunia and Vulvodynia. 女性盆腔疾病：性交困难和外阴痛。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-12-01

Bonnie Brown

引用次数: 0

Female Pelvic Conditions: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 女性盆腔疾病：性传播感染。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-12-01

Jessica Dalby

{"title":"Female Pelvic Conditions: Sexually Transmitted Infections.","authors":"Jessica Dalby","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Sexually transmitted infection rates are increasing in the United States, with significant increases in the rates of syphilis among patients of reproductive age and, subsequently, congenital syphilis. Syphilis screening is recommended in sexually active patients 15 to 44 years of age in communities with high syphilis rates and in all pregnant patients at the time of diagnosis or prenatal intake, in the third trimester, and at delivery. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea is currently recommended in asymptomatic, sexually active patients younger than 25 years, as well as in older patients with risk factors. When clinicians are diagnosing active infections, patients with anogenital ulcerations should be tested for syphilis and herpes and treated empirically while awaiting test results. Treatment of syphilis depends on the disease stage; first-line regimens all involve penicillin G. Patients with vaginal discharge and dysuria should be tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia using nucleic acid amplification testing. Doxycycline should be used to treat chlamydia because it is more effective in rectal chlamydia, which often coexists with vaginal infection. Single-dose azithromycin is an alternative in populations at risk for poor medication adherence or confidentiality concerns. Ceftriaxone should be used to treat gonorrhea. Increasing drug resistance to gonorrhea is a growing public health threat, and clinicians must work with public health departments in cases of suspected treatment failure.","PeriodicalId":38325,"journal":{"name":"FP essentials","volume":"547 ","pages":"16-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Female Pelvic Conditions: Urinary Incontinence. 女性盆腔疾病：尿失禁

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-12-01

Kane Laks

{"title":"Female Pelvic Conditions: Urinary Incontinence.","authors":"Kane Laks","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine. It is a prevalent and bothersome condition in females, with subtypes including stress, urge, mixed stress/urge, and overflow. Evaluation begins with a history to identify symptoms of the different subtypes and information about comorbid conditions, incontinence frequency and severity, and effect on quality of life. Based on patient history, other assessments could include urinalysis, a voiding diary, pelvic examination, urinary stress testing, and measurement of postvoid residual urine volume. Treatment varies by subtype, but begins with lifestyle modifications, including decreasing caffeine intake, engaging in physical activity to strengthen pelvic floor muscles, and avoiding excessive fluid consumption. Pelvic floor physical therapy can help with urge and stress incontinence, pessaries and vaginal inserts can help with stress incontinence, and timed or prompted voiding can be useful for both subtypes. Pharmacotherapy for urge incontinence has typically involved anticholinergic drugs, but because of adverse effects, beta-3 adrenergic agonists are being more widely used. If needed for urge incontinence, procedural treatments can be considered, including onabotulinumtoxinA injections, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, and sacral neuromodulation. Numerous procedural treatments are available for stress incontinence; placement of midurethral slings is the most common. For overflow incontinence, treatments include catheterization or targeting the source of obstruction or detrusor hypoactivity.","PeriodicalId":38325,"journal":{"name":"FP essentials","volume":"547 ","pages":"26-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Addiction Medicine: Alcohol Use Disorder. 成瘾医学：酒精使用障碍。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-11-01

Maureen O Grissom, Brian C Reed, Steven M Starks, Michelle A Carroll Turpin

引用次数: 0

Environment and Health: Foreword. 环境与健康：前言。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-10-01

Ryan D Kauffman

引用次数: 0

Environment and Health: Water and Soil Contamination. 环境与健康：水和土壤污染。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-10-01

Dhitinut Ratnapradipa

{"title":"Environment and Health: Water and Soil Contamination.","authors":"Dhitinut Ratnapradipa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Exposures to pollutants and contaminants can occur through water or soil, which can be contaminated naturally or through human activities. The toxicity and adverse health effects of these substances depend on exposure route, quantity, and duration. Mechanisms of water contamination include runoff, flooding, infrastructure failures, and contamination from air and surface water pollution. Pesticides and organophosphates commonly are used in agricultural and residential applications, frequently cause water contamination, and commonly cause poisoning in agricultural workers and gardeners. Soil contamination disproportionately affects minority and low-income populations because they are more likely to live in proximity to a pollution source. Fetuses, children, and individuals with preexisting medical conditions are more vulnerable to adverse health effects of soil contamination compared with healthy adults. Some of the most common soil pollutants are heavy metals, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Preventing exposure to contaminated soil involves avoidance of historically contaminated sites and ingestion of soil. Approaches to cleanup depend on the extent of contamination, location, and planned future use of the land. Remediation strategies include containment, bioremediation, chemical oxidation, soil washing, and thermal treatment.","PeriodicalId":38325,"journal":{"name":"FP essentials","volume":"545 ","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environment and Health: Heavy Metal Toxicity. 环境与健康：重金属毒性。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-10-01

Dhitinut Ratnapradipa

{"title":"Environment and Health: Heavy Metal Toxicity.","authors":"Dhitinut Ratnapradipa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals are naturally occurring, high-density elements such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. These five metals are the most common causes of heavy metal poisonings. Zinc is also of concern. Heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment and can be toxic even at low concentrations. Exposure commonly occurs via ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Occupational exposures are common and can occur in mining, refining, and smelting operations. Lead exposure disproportionately affects lower-income, inner-city communities due to older housing stock and historical industrial contamination. Adverse health effects of exposure to heavy metals vary by type and form of metal, exposure factors (eg, route, dose, duration), and individual patient characteristics (eg, age, sex). Toxicity management includes supportive treatments, decontamination, chelation, and/or surgery depending on the clinical situation and metal involved. For some types of heavy metal toxicity, there are no definitive treatments. Acute poisoning with arsenic and chromium can be fatal. Pregnant and breastfeeding patients and young children are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal exposure due to its effects on fetal and child development. In cases of suspected exposure, patients should be evaluated with a thorough history, including detailed occupational and social histories, and a physical examination, with laboratory tests and imaging as needed.","PeriodicalId":38325,"journal":{"name":"FP essentials","volume":"545 ","pages":"13-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Environment and Health: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. 环境与健康：干扰内分泌的化学品。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-10-01

Amy L McGaha

{"title":"Environment and Health: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals.","authors":"Amy L McGaha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) increasingly have been a subject of concern and study in the past few decades. These chemicals can interfere directly or indirectly with normal physiology of endocrine system organs or organs under the influence of hormones. EDCs have been shown to cause a range of adverse effects, such as developmental abnormalities, abnormal growth patterns in children, reproductive abnormalities, hormone-sensitive cancers, and alterations in immune function. Some have been shown to contribute to obesity. Most EDCs are synthetically developed compounds that are ubiquitous in food packaging, consumer products, and the environment. They are found in pesticides, herbicides, plastics, solvents, flame retardants, and in the environment as industrial byproducts and waste. These substances are poorly regulated and exposures are not tracked. It is virtually impossible to avoid contact with EDCs in everyday life. Populations at greatest risk of adverse health effects include fetuses, newborns, and pregnant individuals. Comprehensive preconception and prenatal care can help family members and caregivers identify sources of and minimize EDC exposure in newborns and infants. For individuals, the clinical significance of these exposures is unknown and there is no current role for testing. For patients with possible exposure, a pertinent history should be taken and counseling provided to help minimize exposure.","PeriodicalId":38325,"journal":{"name":"FP essentials","volume":"545 ","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Musculoskeletal Issues in Children and Adolescents: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. 儿童和青少年的肌肉骨骼问题：青少年特发性脊柱侧凸。

FP essentials Pub Date : 2024-09-01

Julie Creech-Organ, Jeffrey C Leggit

引用次数: 0