Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023最新文献

{"title":"Performance Analysis of a Downhole Regulator on Rate-Of-Penetration and Drilling Efficiency: An Autonomous Load Management at Bit","authors":"Arviandy G. Aribowo, U. J. F. Aarsnes, E. Detournay, Nathan van de Wouw, N. Reimers","doi":"10.2118/212560-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212560-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the last years, the use of autonomous solutions for balancing the loading on the drill-bit has increased annually. By 2021, downhole tools for this purpose have been used for more than 1,500 wells and these become possibly the fastest growing trend in drilling. Polycrystaline Diamond Compact (PDC) drill-bits represent a great potential for drilling economics when steady cutting is attainable. Deep drilling, however, typically involves long drillstring causing an array of dynamic instabilities preventing steady cutting conditions at the bit. Such behavior affects drilling performance in terms of the rate-of-penetration (ROP) and system damage and failure. This leaves a big potential for improvement of drilling performance. The first experiments with an autonomous downhole regulator constructed were completed at Ulrigg in Stavanger almost twenty years ago to tap into this potential. Several versions of similar tools have since developed using a variety of mechanical and hydraulic functions to modify and shift the forces acting on the drill-bit in order to improve drilling performance.\u0000 The Norwegian operator Equinor has participated from the very start of this new automation trend. By 2020 they had deployed downhole regulators to a total of 93 well sections on the Norwegian Continental Shelf alone. In this paper, Equinor shares statistic plots from comparing these first 93 sections to well section with conventional BHA's. The data show how the continuous improvement of the regulator eventually led to gradual improvement of both ROP and footage - in addition to its initial task of reducing vibrations. By utilizing a variety of dynamic models, predictions and sensitivity analysis, it has been revealed that the downhole regulator could change the dynamic response of the bit such that the friction losses at the bit are reduced and the rock cutting efficiency is improved. In this paper, it is shown that such benefits can also be expected in real-life scenarios in which two key aspects play a role: 1) a PDC bit penetrating heterogeneous layers of rock formations, and 2) involving two frictional losses due to borehole - drillstring contact in deviated wells.\u0000 This paper brings a unique insight to the fundamentals, advanced mathematical models, and statistical results from a new line of drilling technology. The autonomous regulators bring a combination of reduction in risk and time to drill that makes a significant impact on cost.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129868008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drilling Systems Automation: Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery Functions for Situational Awareness","authors":"E. Cayeux, J. Macpherson, Moray L. Laing, D. Pirovolou, F. Florence","doi":"10.2118/212565-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212565-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drilling process automation solutions provide positive assistance to the driller, and increase consistency in execution of drilling procedures. However, in drilling automation the use of automated drilling advisors can reduce human operator situational awareness. Therefore, systems that automatically detect and react to drilling incidents must support the driller. These critical systems cover Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) functions. This paper presents a method that facilitates the interoperability of drilling automation advisors for FDIR functions. Some drilling events happen so fast that mitigation (FDIR) must be implemented directly at the automated drilling control system (ADCS) level. Yet, FDIR functions often need dynamic parametrization from external sources since the ADCS may lack access to mandatory information needed for correct detection and mitigation of the incident. This requires interoperability, communications without human intervention, between the ADCS and the external sources of the parameters for the FDIR function. To interconnect the two sides of the problem, the ADCS describes its capabilities for fault detection and isolation and the external application, the automation Advisor, adapts to the exposed capabilities. On the one hand, the ADCS may implement various types of FDIR functions. On the other hand, external dynamic parameter functions may only address certain types of drilling incidents. Different ADCS providers implement such FDIR functionalities in different ways. Since this undermines the portability (interoperability) of the solutions provided by third party advisor applications, any drilling systems automation solution must address this communication issue. The simplest form of communication describes predefined capabilities, providing the ability to communicate based on an agreement about a set of statically defined possibilities. At an intermediate level of complexity, the ADCS describes its capabilities in a descriptive format that the external application interprets, and to which it can adapt. In the most advanced version, the ADCS describes that it allows the external parameter provider to configure the ADCS behavior to its needs. The paper describes a generic data model covering all three levels of the interface. Another implementation of the model is in the form of a micro-service that implements a REST API and exchanges Json formatted data objects. The latter is therefore agnostic to programming languages and computer platforms. This work is part of the D-WIS (Drilling and Wells Interoperability Standard) initiative advancing industry wells digital systems interoperability. D-WIS is a cross-industry workgroup providing the industry with solutions to facilitate interoperability of digital and computer systems at the rig site. The proposed solution delivers retrofitting ease for existing solutions but is sufficiently flexible to accommodate to new and not yet known FDIR functions. It is a","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132743084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Approaches to Improve Rheological Characterization of KCl/Polymer Muds","authors":"I. Gucuyener, Samet Yanik, Onur Kazim Gurcay, A. Ay","doi":"10.2118/212450-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212450-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Representing the first-generation high-performance water-based drilling fluid, KCl/Polymer drilling fluids are widely used to drill troublesome shale formations containing water-sensitive clay minerals. In addition to maintaining wellbore stability, its rheological properties also play a crucial role in enhancing overall drilling performance. An accurate description of the rheological behavior of drilling fluids is essential in optimizing drilling fluid hydraulics. This study evaluates traditional and novel optimization algorithms for the parameterization of rheological models using an extensive field rheological database of KCl/Polymer drilling fluids. An objective function based on a symmetric mean absolute percent error is used in parameterizing rheological models. Golden Section Search (GSS), Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG), and Trust Region (TR) methods are used as new alternatives to traditional Gaussian-Newton (GN) and linear/semi-linear regression (LR/QLR) methods. As a more statistically plausible criterion, the symmetric mean absolute percentage error is also used to measure the goodness of fit of rheological models with datasets. It has been shown that GRG and TR algorithms outperform conventional methods in finding optimal model parameters. The three- and four-parameter models fitted the rheological data best, with a more uniform symmetrical error distribution than the two-parameter models.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133213972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Lapse Evaluation from Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo and Pitch-Catch Configuration and Sonic Logging Data for Potential Formation Creep and General Annulus Solids Segregation","authors":"G. O. Obando Palacio, Amit Govil, Gaurav Agrawal, Shilpi Gupta, Laurent Delabroy, T. Kristiansen","doi":"10.2118/212483-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212483-ms","url":null,"abstract":"Verification of annular well barrier elements is an essential process during the well construction and plug and abandonment phases. This topic has been the subject of many publications and is governed by regulations in different countries around the world. In this paper we focus on the evaluation of shale creep barriers. We describe how sonic and ultrasonic pulse-echo and pitch-catch configuration data are used to monitor the evolution of formations creep around the casing to eventually form annular barriers.\u0000 Multiple annulus logging evaluations were performed across wells from the Valhall, Ula, Alvheim, and Jette fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). This was done using ultrasonic pulse-echo and pitch-catch configuration data as well as traditional sonic logs. The logging data were collected, reprocessed, and compared as part of a collaborative effort between the operator and a service company. In this study we examine the progression of annular solids through time from formation creep.\u0000 Our intention was to study the ability of shales creep to form barriers, and to simplify the well design and achieve isolation around the production casing without the need for conventional cementing operations.\u0000 The log data provide information of annulus material with a detailed map of the axial and azimuthal variations of the annulus contents. Crossplotting state-of-the-art measurements also helps to identify the material accumulating in the annulus as published in many other industry papers. This approach has garnered interest over the years as a novel solution during well abandonment operations. The results provide solid evidence of shale creep-forming barriers and has been used by the operator to further refine their zonal isolation strategy.\u0000 Comparing ultrasonic data with a particular interest on the progression of formation creep, has become a popular subject within the NCS. Innovative use of historical logging data holds a great potential to help make decisions that result in reduced cost and environmental impact. Because of this novel usage and analysis of ultrasonic logging data, the operator was able to make informed decisions faster, saving rig time and cost while reducing the carbon footprint.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"299 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133819548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Verification of Vibration Mitigation Through a Viscous Damping System Along the Drill String","authors":"Andrew Holsaeter, A. Ambrus, E. Cayeux, Rodica Mihai, S. Moi","doi":"10.2118/212521-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212521-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Achieving optimal performance during drilling of complex well trajectories is often hindered by downhole drill-string vibrations and stick-slip. These can lead to drill bit and downhole tool damage, drill-string wear possibly leading to a twist-off, or formation damage. Recent advancements in drill-string vibration interpretation show that the sources of excitation are not only at the bit but anywhere along the string. Therefore, a solution that uses distributed along-string damping elements based on magnetic damping is investigated. This paper presents the design principles of a laboratory-scale setup to verify the concept and the accompanying test results.\u0000 Previously published numerical results show that stick-slip can be attenuated using the distributed damping elements. The elements attempt to reduce drill-string vibration by attenuating the sources of negative damping, and by increasing the sources of positive damping. Mechanical friction between the drill-string and the borehole, a major source of axial and torsional vibrations, is reduced, and its axial and tangential components are decoupled. Magnetic viscous damping is introduced by utilizing eddy current braking at the level of each element.\u0000 A laboratory-scale setup consisting of a 10-meter-long horizontal apparatus has been constructed to verify the damping effectiveness of an individual element. The setup was designed to mimic downhole drilling conditions such as drill-string elasticity, friction forces and inertial moments, and to recreate real-world adverse conditions such as vibrations, stick-slip, and twist-off. Sensors and actuators positioned along the experimental setup allow control of the rotational and axial velocities, contact forces at various locations, and adjustment of the magnetic braking force. Stick-slip was introduced in the system through an adjustable side force imposed on the drill-string as well as through a stepper motor operating in torque mode simulating the bit-rock interaction.\u0000 The first series of experiments in the laboratory-scale setup were aimed at evaluating the braking force obtained in different operating conditions. By controlling the strength of the eddy current effect, the magnitude of the braking force could be varied, and thus, the damping effectiveness of the element could be estimated. The braking force, measured by a load cell, was found to increase linearly with the rotational speed and with the strength of the magnetic field. The second round of experiments were focused on demonstrating how the magnetic braking effect helps damping out torsional vibrations and mitigating stick-slip.\u0000 A novel concept for damping stick-slip vibrations using magnetic damping elements distributed along the drill-string has been implemented and demonstrated at laboratory-scale. This concept aims to mitigate stick-slip vibration by addressing its root cause, the friction forces along the drill-string. The experimental setup can also be used to prototype and ","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132224487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Study of the World's First Offshore Implementation of a Drilling Automation Platform with Multiple Closed-Loop Applications","authors":"Nahum Ronquillo, Kjartan Birgisson, Morten Ørevik, M. S. M Zurhan, M. S. A Murad, K. Khazali-Rosli, M. R. Abd Mokhti, J. Jamal, Jason Bailey, D. McEwan, Damien Ng","doi":"10.2118/212468-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212468-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drilling automation technology has been successfully deployed and in operation for several years. While the technologies covered in this paper had already been deployed separately in other regions, this case study is not only Malaysia's first drilling automation project but also the world's first deployment that includes the automation platform combined with two third-party closed-loop control applications (Apps). The study details the technologies, their implementation approach, and key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the success of the project.\u0000 Technical and procedural measures necessary to ensure the safe and efficient use of the system are explained. The project's measured KPIs were collected and analyzed throughout multiple wells and are presented in the paper to measure the performance and success of the project.\u0000 Throughout the execution of the project, the automation platform successfully coordinated control ownership of the two Apps. A comparison by the drilling contractor of KPIs with and without the automation technology successfully validates the benefits in performance and consistency.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134447700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Deployment of Managed Pressure Cementing (MPC) System Across a Challenging Narrow Pressure Window Condition for a Critical Liner Cement Job: A Case Study From Saudi Arabia","authors":"Wajid Ali, A. A. Hashmi, Faisal Abdullah Al-Turki, Athman Abbas","doi":"10.2118/212514-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212514-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A major challenge that is being occasionally faced during the well construction phase is to cement the formations holding narrow pressure margins between the pore and fracture gradients without inducing losses. Losses can commonly occur in these cases, compromising the integrity of the cement barrier. Designed slurry densities generally lead to high equivalent circulating density (ECD) levels during the cementing operations. This condition, combined with mud weights conventionally designed to be above pore pressure, usually results in downhole pressures which approach or exceed the fracture limit. Commonly, operators implement strategies to mitigate losses during the cementing phase, however, in most cases the losses are unavoidable using a conventional cementing approach. Managed pressure cementing (MPC) is an important technique for primary cementing operations in wells with such narrow pressure margins.\u0000 This paper presents the design considerations, methodology and results of a land well where high-pressure influx was encountered while drilling an 8-3/8-in hole across a water-bearing formation. Narrow pressure gradient persuaded to utilize managed pressure drilling (MPD) to continue the drilling. The well was drilled to the target depth using 138-lbm/ft3 oil-based drilling fluid while maintaining the ECD from 146.5 to 149.5 lbm/ft3. Careful attention was paid to estimate the bottom hole circulating temperature, using the temperature modeling simulator. A 150-lbm/ft3 slurry was designed to keep the ECD intact. The slurry was batch-mixed to ensure the homogeneity of the final slurry mixture. A special spacer system was designed to reduce the losses while cementing. Additionally, the spacer was loaded with optimum amounts of surfactant package to serve as an aid to remove the mud and to water-wet the formation and pipe for better cement bonding. The centralizers placement plan was optimized, and additionally the liner was rotated during the cement job to achieve the required displacement efficiency yet staying within the torque and drag (T&D) limits. The cement treatment was performed as designed and met all zonal isolation objectives.\u0000 The managed pressure cementing (MPC) system provides safe isolation of problematic zones in cost effective manner even in challenging narrow pressure window scenarios. The system provides precise control of the pressure and flow during and after the cement job. Constant pressure can be achieved at weak zones, preventing losses to the formation.\u0000 This case study presents an overview of the engineering process used to plan and design the MPC operations and the results obtained. This paper reviews a successful MPC operation and presents findings and lessons learnt. After the successful results on this job and subsequent operations, this technique is now being adopted to optimize cementing, where losses during cementing operations in the past had forced to modify the well construction.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127817067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring shipping emissions with various techniques towards ensuring compliance to the new regulations: The SCIPPER project","authors":"L. Ntziachristos, Sokratis Mamarikas, R. Verbeek, Achilleas Grigoriadis","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the measurement techniques deployed by the European funded SCIPPER project in order to identify their potential in assisting regulatory authorities to enforce the new emission limits for shipping. On-board sensors, sniffer remote and remote optical devices were extensively used in field campaigns to measure over 1000 ship plumes in major European seas, such as the ports of Hamburg and Marseille, a route in the Baltic Sea and the English Channel. Demonstration results revealed the operational characteristics of the techniques, further to their pollutant detection sensitivity. A preliminary evaluation is conducted in this study considering several criteria of technology maturity, operational capacity, ease of implementation and costs.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121095574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotary Steerable Drilling Dynamics and Associated BHA Changes to Improve Overall BHA Performance and Reliability","authors":"Steve Jones, J. Sugiura, D. W. Johnson","doi":"10.2118/212467-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212467-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During the advanced development phase of a push-the-bit rotary steerable system (RSS), downhole drilling dynamics were captured utilizing high-frequency embedded drilling dynamics sensors distributed throughout the bottom-hole assembly (BHA).\u0000 The RSS development testing was conducted in a challenging pocket of the Delaware Basin in the Permian Region of North America. This specific Delaware area has proven difficult to drill with conventional steerable motors due to rapid shoulder wear on the bit and sliding difficulties (Sugiura et al. 2022).\u0000 The initial RSS BHAs were designed based on the directional objectives of the well. As the runs and wells progressed, the multiple embedded drilling dynamics sensor data, BHA/bit component wear and reliability, and drilling performance were all analyzed. From these learnings, systematic BHA changes were implemented and measured. This process continued until the drilling pace, reliability and repeatability were at an acceptable level for the project.\u0000 This paper details the drilling dynamics, drilling parameters, BHA configurations, formations, and logic for BHA/drilling parameter changes in the 12 ¼-in. intermediate section.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121455399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Drill Bit Dull Grading Report Generation to Address the Revised IADC Dull Grading Schema","authors":"Jian Chu, P. Ashok, Dongmei Chen, E. van Oort","doi":"10.2118/212458-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212458-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current IADC bit dull grading process has served the drilling industry well for over 30 years, and it has helped the industry achieve significant improvements in drill bit selection and design. With rapid development of computational techniques such as computer vision and machine learning, the general consensus is that the previous grading process can now be updated to capture additional information about the bits that was previously discarded to enhance the grading process and the information is delivers while keeping it simple. An IADC committee is currently working on finalizing this new schema.\u0000 In comparison to the previous bit dull grading process, more details about the drill bit such as cutter damage type have been added to the new schema. Additionally, capturing pre-run and post-run bit images is recommended to enable detailed bit forensic analysis into root causes of observed damage. For the bit dull grading process at rig site, a preliminary grading report needs to be filled out and rig site bit photos also need to be captured.\u0000 The objective of the work reported here was to develop an algorithm to automatically analyze 2D bit images and quickly generate are port that fulfills the new IADC dull grading requirements. Several deep learning models and classic machine learning algorithms were developed to automate the bit dull grading process. Given a set of high-quality bit images, the proposed set of algorithms will process and analyze the images automatically and generate a dull grading report. Different sets of bit images were tested with the proposed algorithms, and the results show that they are able to achieve good performance under standard scenarios. A discussion on hurdles that remain to be tackled is also included.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"361 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131542374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}