Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023最新文献

{"title":"From STEAM to Machine: Emissions control in the shipping 4.0 era","authors":"Dimitrios Kaklis, T. Varelas, Iraklis Varlamis, Pavlos Eirinakis, George Giannakopoulos, Constantine Spyropoulos","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-020","url":null,"abstract":"The maritime sector is required to adhere to the IMO 2020 - mandated reduction of emissions. This reduction can be conducted by either using a compliant fuel with lower sulfur content, an alternative fuel (e.g. LNG, methanol), or clean its exhaust gasses with a \"scrubber\" technology to reduce the output of CO2 , NOx and SOx emissions. The objective of this paper is to present a holistic approach to continuously monitor and estimate the emissions of a vessel as well as to assess and improve the efficiency of scrubbers. Furthermore the deployment of a cutting-edge, integrated framework, incorporating the latest technological advances, that can of er the ability to capture, process and analyze vessels’ operational data in order to improve efficiency, sustainability, and rule compliance is presented. Particularly the conceptualization and materialization of a big data application suite that exploits the IoT (Internet of Things) and AI (Artificial Intelligence) advancements and technologies, to employ a “digital replica” of the en-route vessel is demonstrated. By collecting a multitude of features from on-board sensor installments, we present how we can effectively utilize these features, harvested in real time, in order to accurately assess and estimate the environmental footprint of the vessel by employing robust Fuel Oil Consumption (FOC) predictors. Then we describe in detail the streamlined procedure from data acquisition to model deployment, utilizing the proposed big data framework, in order to assess and estimate the emissions during the operational state of the vessel. Finally, we demonstrate experimental results by deploying comparative analysis utilizing operational data from one containership-centric Living Lab (LL) in order to validate and confirm our approaches in terms of accuracy and performance in a real world setting.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114678473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Guidepost Based Wellhead Load Relief System (GP-WLR)","authors":"Geir Gundersen Fuhr, Jone Stangeland, L. Reinås, Bjørn Birger Oppedal, M. Sæther","doi":"10.2118/212462-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212462-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the development of a novel wellhead load relief system improving operational aspects and wellhead fatigue management achieved by an unconventional utilization of existing equipment. The objective is to provide insight in a newly developed technology for Wellhead Fatigue mitigation with the potential to become a future element in fatigue management. The operational aspect is appealing as this system is effective with remotely operated hook-up and a minimum of additional equipment needed. The development of the system started in 2015 during planning of several exploration wells and have continued as a cooperation between the drilling and subsea disciplines within Equinor.\u0000 The Guidepost Well Load Relief (GP-WLR) seeks to be a load reduction and operational effective wellhead load relief system through integration of WLR functionality with existing BOPs and redirecting well load thru guideposts and subsea structures already present. The GP WLR system is modular which provides for flexibility in finding a way of adding it to legacy equipment. The basic idea of such a system is explained and then how the development has evolved internally in Equinor from idea, concept, prototype, and implementation. At this stage the GP-WLR technology has been used in operations by a subsea drilling Blow Out Preventer (BOP) and a Work Over stack. The effect and use of the system will be discussed in an operational perspective. The operation of the GP-WLR system is using remote access. Experiences gained during prototype testing and first-time use have shown that the GP-WLR system have worked as intended.\u0000 The authors believe GP-WLR to be a significant contribution to the wellhead fatigue mitigation toolbox while reducing the risk for damage to equipment and personnel.\u0000 GP-WLR will be a significant contribution to the wellhead fatigue management and allows optimizing drilling schedule while also reducing the risk for damage to equipment and personnel.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"3302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127492078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CII compliance: Effects of operational and technological measures on current levels and time development of calculated CII","authors":"Antonios Trakakis, Nikolaos Daremas, Markos Papatheodorou, S. Chatzinikolaou, C. Papadopoulos, L. Kaiktsis","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-039","url":null,"abstract":"From 2023, commercial ships must report their actual annual Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII), which will have to be verified against the required annual CII; the latter will become progressively stricter with time - a significant challenge for the maritime sector. The main objective of the present work is to investigate how various factors, influencing the value of CII, will affect its development, and therefore to identify the compliance challenges that existing ships may face. In this context, for a time horizon up to 2035, calculations have been performed and analyzed for two representative commercial ships, both built in 2011: (i) a handy bulker (28k DWT), and (ii) a supramax (56k DWT), with different performance characteristics. The effect of important factors on the current level of CII and its time development has been investigated. The present results indicate that compliance of both vessels is feasible, in meaningful and cost-effective ways. Nonetheless, a point of concern is associated with the high probability of a rating of “D”, for several consecutive years, higher than three, which is not favored by the present regulatory frame. Handling the problem may thus be a key issue for many ships, especially ones approaching the end of their service life; for them, investment for achieving an improved rating may not be justified. Beyond an horizon of one decade, solutions associated with the extensive use of low- and zero-carbon fuels, or with carbon capture, seem inevitable.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"59 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114124086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Scale Solids Control Testing of a Light Density Hollow Glass Beads Drilling Fluid","authors":"Nikolay Kostov, G. Penny, James White, Nissan I. Shoykhet, S. Zeilinger, V. Gupta","doi":"10.2118/212470-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212470-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Light density drilling fluids with hollow glass beads (HGB) are growing in applications for drilling depleted formations with minimal losses and increasing rate of penetration. However, there is a lack of studies on how best to utilize typical solids control equipment, as current practices and procedures based on barite weighted muds are inefficient. We report a systematic full-scale test program to study and optimize solids control efficiency with shale shaker, hydrocyclone and centrifuge with such fluids.\u0000 A non-aqueous-based hollow glass bead drilling fluid was formulated in the lab and a large batch (>40bbl) was prepared and tested using field scale solids control equipment. The inlet and effluent streams were monitored for density, particle size distribution, retort, rheology, and rheological properties and evaluated to determine the optimal equipment conditions to maximize solids control efficiency while minimizing loss of beads in the discharge stream. Variables included shaker screen sizes, flow rates and deck angles, hydrocyclone flowrates and operating pressures, centrifuge flowrates, differential speeds and other parameters. The amount of glass beads in the fluid was also varied.\u0000 The drilling fluid was contaminated with a variety of sized solids which mimic drill solids. Based on the data gathered, effective procedures were developed for monitoring hollow glass beads and drill solids in each stream. Through the systematic test program, conditions could be identified to achieve high solids control efficiency from the shale shaker, the hydrocyclone, and the centrifuge. This was achieved at hollow glass beads concentrations of around 11% and 22% by volume. While some previous field experiences had indicated severe challenges with centrifuge usage with these fluids, effective centrifuge operation could be demonstrated once the proper settings were identified. Overall, the testing results showed that most of the drill solids can be removed using conventional solids control equipment and fluid properties (e.g. rheology, fluid loss, etc.) can be maintained at desired levels without the loss of any significant amount of beads with the discharged solids.\u0000 Since the beads are lighter than base oil, their behavior in the solids control equipment is quite different from conventional solids. As such, equipment procedures and conventional settings had to be updated or changed. It was demonstrated that high solids control efficiency can be achieved even at high bead concentrations. This work addresses a barrier in the field application of these fluids and points towards practices that allow optimizing the application by minimizing drilling fluid dilution.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114614898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RecoRd-Breaking Reservoir Drilling and Openhole Gravel Packing With Cesium Formate Fluids in a High-Pressure, Marginal Mud Window Environment at Martin Linge","authors":"Simen Jøsang Nilsen, Hanne Undheim Obrestad, H. Kaarigstad, Nadia Mansurova, Tom Are Solvoll, Johan Løchen, S. Howard, B. Abrahams, Christian Busengdal","doi":"10.2118/212487-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212487-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes how high-density cesium/potassium (Cs/K) formate fluids were successfully utilised from reservoir drilling to upper completion installation in five productive Martin Linge high-rate gas wells. Four wells were completed with openhole gravel pack and one with standalone sand screens.\u0000 The gravel packing operation marks what is considered to be the highest density carrier fluid openhole gravel pack successfully completed worldwide, with SG 2.06. A complex operation under near-high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) conditions, including managed pressure drilling (MPD), overbalanced screen running and openhole gravel packing, was simplified by utilising the same fluid throughout the operation.\u0000 Cs/K formate reservoir drilling fluid and screen-running fluid were designed with biopolymeric additives and minimal calcium carbonate bridging particles. Clear Cs/K formate brine (i.e., without biopolymeric additives and particles) was chosen as gravel pack carrier fluid. The use of Cs/K formate fluids for all stages of the operation reduced the complexity of transitioning between the operational stages. In addition, the reservoir was only exposed to one filtrate without application of damaging weighting solids.\u0000 The drilling fluid contributed to successful MPD and delivered wells with very good hole quality in the reservoir, which consisted of interbedded sandstone, coal stringers and shale. The shale stabilising properties of concentrated formate brine–based fluids provided acceptable conditions for extended openhole time and allowed additional logging runs, including pore pressure measurements, under near-HP/HT conditions before running the screens. One bottom-up cleanout was conducted before the screen-running fluid was circulated in and the screens installed. The spurt and seepage losses were low throughout the drilling and screen running phases. No breaker treatment was required in any of the wells. All wells have proven to have good initial productivity and high well productive efficiency as expected.\u0000 The record-breaking openhole gravel pack operations performed with the high fluid densities required in Equinor's Martin Linge field have set a new standard for completing in challenging high-pressure environments.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114763929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Need for Sufficiently Accurate Geometrical Representations of Ship Hull Forms for Digital Twins for Performance Prediction","authors":"S. Harries, Jörg Brunswig, S. Gatchell, Simon Hauschulz, A. Schumacher, F. Thies, J. Marzi","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-029","url":null,"abstract":"Operational performance optimization is a key element to reduce both fuel consumption and emissions and meet current and upcoming legislation, e.g., the EEXI, the CII and the European ETS. While technical innovation and improvements are important, the careful use of fuel on board plays a vital role to meet these targets. Here route and speed optimization are decisive. The basis of any approach to operational optimization is a digital twin which allows predicting the behavior of the ship and its energy consuming systems in a reliable and suitably accurate way. Here geometry plays an important role. The German R&D project MariData (maridata.org) addresses (present) shortcomings of onboard energy management systems. One specific element highlighted in this paper focuses on the desired quality of geometric representations for digital twins when used as a basis for performance analysis and improved energy consumption during operation. The paper compares different approaches and necessary levels of modeling fidelity to indicate attainable accuracy, aiming at further elucidating how good hydrodynamics need to be represented.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130816275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Casing Design Implications of Managed Pressure Drilling and Cementing, and How to Consider Them in the Design of the Well and Operations","authors":"O. Gabaldon, P. Suryanarayana, Romar A Gonzalez Luis, Pedro Cavalcanti de Sousa","doi":"10.2118/212511-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212511-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Managed pressure drilling (MPD) and managed pressure cementing (MPC) typically use lighter fluids than in conventional drilling. One consequence of this is that the fluid behind the casing being run and cemented is lighter than would be the case with conventional drilling. This has implications to the casing design for two reasons: the burst loads on the casing are augmented due to the lower external density profile, and the annular pressure buildup (APB) loads are different. It is important to consider these design implications while performing the casing design, particularly for deepwater wells. Unfortunately, this is not common at present, since the MPD/MPC design work and the casing design work are often distinct and separate, both physically and temporally. When the lower density external fluid from MPD/MPC is considered in the casing design, it is possible that the casing in question has to be upgraded (increased weight and grade) to accommodate the loads post MPD/MPC. This paper presents such a case, where the consequence of having drilled the section using MPD and cementing the casing using MPC was to upgrade the casing. The paper further presents a solution to this problem- modifying the MPC procedures such that a heavier mud than that used during MPD can be placed above the top of the cement behind the casing, thus mitigating the loads and eliminating the need for a heavier or higher-grade casing. The authors show how this can be achieved, by managing the densities of the different fluids and cement during the MPC operation. The authors hope that this work highlights the interconnectedness of well design and MPD/MPC operations, and engenders more interaction between the two groups during well engineering.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131208240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas Bullheading Study in an Instrumented Well","authors":"G. A. Samdani, S. Rao, Yashwant Moganaradjou, M. Almeida, Mahendra Kunju, O. Santos, V. Gupta","doi":"10.2118/212477-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212477-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bullheading involves pumping produced fluids back into the formation using a kill-fluid. A key operational parameter is the required bullheading rate which depends on surface pressure, available horsepower, and erosion limits. There is wide variation in current guidelines for bullheading rates, especially for large-diameter wellbores. Therefore, a well-scale bullheading test program was conducted using a 5200-ft-deep vertical well with 9-5/8\"x2-7/8\" casing/tubing annulus located at LSU test well facility. The tubing was instrumented with 4 downhole pressure gauges and fiber optic DTS/DAS to obtain data on the downhole flow dynamics and determine bullheading efficiencies. In a typical test, a large nitrogen cap placed at the top of the annulus was bullheaded by pumping fluid in annulus with continuous returns taken from the tubing side. Tests were conducted with varying fluid rates (50 to 500 gpm), initial gas-cap size (30-60 bbl), gas pressurization method and kill fluids (water and synthetic base mud). It was observed that the bullheading process involves simultaneous gas compression, gas bubble breakage, gas dispersion, and gas displacement, unlike the typical assumption of bullheading a large gas slug. The breakage of the initial gas slug depended on the surface pressure and the extent of gas-liquid mixing. The minimum water flowrate required for gas bullheading matched to water velocity just above small bubble velocity in water. Increase in water flowrate increased the bullheading efficiency, e.g., bullheading with 350 gpm required <50% water volume compared to 150 gpm water flowrate. Experiments with a highly pressurized initial gas cap and a larger initial gas cap volume resulted in relatively more efficient bullheading due to lower slip velocity resulting from higher average gas-holdup in the gas-swarm. In one test, the gas was bullheaded for some time and then allowed to migrate upward in a shut-in well. It was observed that the gas migration velocity (0.71 ft/sec) was higher than the gas slip velocity during bullheading (0.3-0.6 ft/sec). Contrary to the popular belief, the gas also did not carry its pressure while migrating in a shut in well. The experimental observation of bubbly flow instead of slug flow during bullheading under sufficiently higher surface pressure helped understand the multiphase flow dynamics of bullheading and it can help provide realistic bullheading guidelines based on well conditions.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121908465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Handling of ammonia accidental fuel leakages on ships","authors":"M. Bucelli, Birk Tørudstad Johnsen, Ida Hjorth","doi":"10.5957/some-2023-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5957/some-2023-007","url":null,"abstract":"Introducing ammonia as a ship-fuel comes with different challenges. This paper analyzes some of the safety aspects of using ammonia as a fuel for vessel propulsion. Specifically, the study focuses on the handling of accidental releases from the refrigerated storage tank and the connected fuel systems within enclosed spaces, such as the tank room and the engine room. A possible handing technology for ammonia leaks on ships are compact ammonia scrubbers, and to enable such compact scrubbers this work also studies the influence of packed bed geometries on bubble dynamics, identifying design characteristics that can improve ammonia dissolution or neutralization efficiency.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123705554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Short Summary of Retrofit Multilateral Technology Implementation","authors":"F. Berge, Marcus Fathi, Anne Mette Rød, T. Fjelde","doi":"10.2118/212541-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/212541-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On the Norwegian Continental Shelf there are many fields and wells in late life production. There are also many nearby drilling targets with limited volumes to add. This situation requires new mindset in order to optimize tie-ins of new reserves to existing infrastructure. Retrofit multilateral well solutions are regarded as one enabeler in this context since they enable tie-in to existing producers from nearby targets through deep sidetrack operations.\u0000 There are many pre-requisites that must be in place for such solutions to be suitable. In addition, the risk of partial success involves loss of an existing producer.\u0000 A few such wells have been constructed by the operator in the last couple of years. The requirements and challenges are discussed. The implementations show that it is technically feasible to use conventional multilateral technology in ways that enable installation in producing wells. Improvements to existing solutions are sought in order to facilitate future implementations and to improve robustness of this technology.","PeriodicalId":382692,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, March 07, 2023","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115160064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}