Forensic Science Review最新文献_第7页

Forensic Analysis in the Wakayama Arsenic Case. 和歌山砷案的法医分析。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-07-01

Y Kimura

引用次数: 0

Acute and Long-Term Impact of Chemical Weapons: Lessons from the Iran-Iraq War. 化学武器的急性和长期影响:两伊战争的教训。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-07-01

D D Haines, S C Fox

{"title":"Acute and Long-Term Impact of Chemical Weapons: Lessons from the Iran-Iraq War.","authors":"D D Haines, S C Fox","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical weapons have given the human experience of warfare a uniquely terrifying quality that has inspired a general repugnance and led to periodic attempts to ban their use. Nevertheless, since ancient times, toxic agents have been consistently employed to kill and terrorize target populations. The evolution of these weapons is examined here in ways that may allow military, law enforcement, and scientific professionals to gain a perspective on conditions that, in the past, have motivated their use - both criminally and as a matter of national policy during military campaigns. Special emphasis is placed on the genocidal use of chemical weapons by the regime of Saddam Hussein, both against Iranians and on Kurdish citizens of his own country, during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88. The historical development of chemical weapons use is summarized to show how progressively better insight into biochemistry and physiology was adapted to this form of warfare. Major attributes of the most frequently used chemical agents and a description of how they affected military campaigns are explained. Portions of this review describing chemical-casualty care devote particular focus to Iranian management of neurotoxic (nerve) agent casualties due to the unique nature of this experience. Both nerve and blistering \"mustard\" agents were used extensively against Iranian forces. However, Iran is the only nation in history to have sustained large-scale attacks with neurotoxic weapons. For this reason, an understanding of the successes and failures of countermeasures to nerve-agent use developed by the Iranian military are particularly valuable for future civil defense and military planning. A detailed consideration of these strategies is therefore considered. Finally, the outcomes of clinical research into severe chronic disease triggered by mustard-agent exposure are examined in the context of the potential of these outcomes to determine the etiology of illness among US and Allied veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War. ","PeriodicalId":38192,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science Review","volume":"26 2","pages":"97-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34052814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toxins as Weapons: A Historical Review. 毒素作为武器:历史回顾。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-07-01

R Pita, A Romero

引用次数: 0

Murder by Poisons: Cases in Taiwan, 1999-2008. 投毒谋杀:1999-2008年台湾案例。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-07-01

K-P Shaw, H-T Chen

引用次数: 0

Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs. 合成大麻素药物的药理学、毒理学和副作用。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-01-01

S M R Gurney, K S Scott, S L Kacinko, B C Presley, B K Logan

{"title":"Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Adverse Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs.","authors":"S M R Gurney, K S Scott, S L Kacinko, B C Presley, B K Logan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic cannabinoid drugs have become an established part of the recreational drug landscape in the United States and internationally. These drugs are manufactured in clandestine laboratories internationally and distributed in the United States in smoking mixtures, use of which produces effects very similar to use of marijuana. The adverse-effect profile of the drugs has not been studied in humans and infrequently in animal models, so much of the information about their toxicity comes from emergency department and treatment reports and forensic case studies. This review considers the discovery and characterization of the endocannabinoid system, approaches to receptor-binding studies of various synthetic cannabinoids from the first wave of naphthoylindoles (e.g., JWH-018) to the emerging adamantoylindole drugs (e.g., AKB-48), and their analogs, to evaluate the potential activity of drugs in this class. Currently employed approaches to assessing functional activity of the drugs using in vitro and in vivo models is also described, and comparisons made to the effects of THC. The physiological effects of activation of the endocannabinoid system in humans are reviewed, and the physiological effects of cannabinoid use are described. Case reports of adverse events including emergency department admissions, mental health admissions, and clinical and forensic case reports are presented in detail and discussed to summarize the current state of knowledge of adverse effects, both clinical and forensic in humans, including effects on driving ability, and tissue injury and death. The greatest weight is accorded to those reports that include toxicological confirmation of use. Finally, we discuss the current status of attempts to schedule and control the distribution of synthetic cannabinoids and the relevance of receptor binding and functional activity in this context. There is growing toxicological and pharmacological evidence of impairment, psychosis, tissue injury, and isolated deaths attributable to this emerging class of drugs. ","PeriodicalId":38192,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"53-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33949138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On-Site Detection as a Countermeasure to Chemical Warfare/Terrorism. 现场探测作为对抗化学战/恐怖主义的对策。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-01-01

Y Seto

{"title":"On-Site Detection as a Countermeasure to Chemical Warfare/Terrorism.","authors":"Y Seto","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"On-site monitoring and detection are necessary in the crisis and consequence management of wars and terrorism involving chemical warfare agents (CWAs) such as sarin. The analytical performance required for on-site detection is mainly determined by the fatal vapor concentration and volatility of the CWAs involved. The analytical performance for presently available on-site technologies and commercially available on-site equipment for detecting CWAs interpreted and compared in this review include: classical manual methods, photometric methods, ion mobile spectrometry, vibrational spectrometry, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, sensors, and other methods. Some of the data evaluated were obtained from our experiments using authentic CWAs. We concluded that (a) no technologies perfectly fulfill all of the on-site detection requirements and (b) adequate on-site detection requires (i) a combination of the monitoring-tape method and ion-mobility spectrometry for point detection and (ii) a combination of the monitoring-tape method, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry with counterflow introduction, and gas chromatography with a trap and special detectors for continuous monitoring. The basic properties of CWAs, the concept of on-site detection, and the sarin gas attacks in Japan as well as the forensic investigations thereof, are also explicated in this article. ","PeriodicalId":38192,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"23-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33949137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alcohol Limits and Public Safety. 酒精限制和公共安全。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2014-01-01

D V Canfield, K M Dubowski, M Cowan, P M Harding

{"title":"Alcohol Limits and Public Safety.","authors":"D V Canfield, K M Dubowski, M Cowan, P M Harding","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"On May 14, 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended lowering the legal blood-alcohol limit to 0.05 g/dL for motor vehicle operators in the United States, in an effort to reduce the risk of injuries and deaths caused by a driver's alcohol impairment (NTSB/SR-13/01). This recommendation has prompted other organizations and agencies, including the National Safety Council, to evaluate and consider supporting this action. In order to determine the scientific and legal feasibility and advisability of lowering or establishing 0.05 per se laws, we examined 554 alcohol-related publications. Risk factors, instrument reliability, law enforcement, and adjudication issues were considered in this overview of the literature. The extensive scientific literature reviewed provides ample support for lowering the operation of motor vehicle alcohol limits to 0.05, and for supporting the NTSB recommendations. Research clearly demonstrates that impairment begins at very low concentrations, well below the recommended NTSB limit, and increases with concentration. Lowering the limit to 0.05 will save many lives and prevent injuries. Breath, blood, and saliva samples have proved to be accurate and reliable specimens for legal acceptability in a court of law. ","PeriodicalId":38192,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"9-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33949136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biology and Genetics of New Autosomal STR Loci Useful for Forensic DNA Analysis. 常染色体STR新位点的生物学和遗传学对法医DNA分析有用。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2013-08-19 DOI: 10.1201/B15361-13

J. Butler, C. Hill

引用次数: 119

Deep-Sequencing Technologies and Potential Applications in Forensic DNA Testing. 深度测序技术及其在法医DNA检测中的潜在应用。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2013-08-19 DOI: 10.1201/B15361-18

Roxanne R. Zascavage, Shantanu J. Shewale, J. Planz

{"title":"Deep-Sequencing Technologies and Potential Applications in Forensic DNA Testing.","authors":"Roxanne R. Zascavage, Shantanu J. Shewale, J. Planz","doi":"10.1201/B15361-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/B15361-18","url":null,"abstract":"Development of second- and third-generation DNA sequencing technologies have enabled an increasing number of applications in different areas such as molecular diagnostics, gene therapy, monitoring food and pharmaceutical products, biosecurity, and forensics. These technologies are based on different biochemical principles such as monitoring released pyrophosphate upon incorporation of a base (pyrosequencing), fluorescence detection subsequent to reversible incorporation of a fluorescently labeled terminator base, ligation based approach wherein fluorescence of cleaved nucleotide after ligation is measured, measuring the proton released after incorporation of a base (semiconductor-based sequencing), monitoring incorporation of a nucleotide by measuring the fluorescence of the fluorophore attached to the phosphate chain of the nucleotide, and by detecting the altered charge in a protein nanopore due to released nucleotide by exonuclease cleavage of a DNA strand. Analysis of multiple DNA fragments in parallel increases the depth of coverage while decreasing labor, cost, and time, highlighting some major advantages of deep-sequencing technologies. DNA sequencing has been routinely used in the forensic laboratories for mitochondrial DNA analysis. Fragment analysis, however, is the preferred method for Short Tandem Repeat genotyping due to the cumbersome and costly nature of fi rst-generation DNA sequencing methodologies. Deep-sequencing technologies have brought a new perspective to forensic DNA analysis. Studies include STR analysis to reveal hidden variation in the repeat regions, mtDNA sequencing, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism analysis, mixture resolution, and body fluid identification. Recent publications reveal that attempts are being made to expand the capability.","PeriodicalId":38192,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science Review","volume":"25 1-2 1","pages":"79-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1201/B15361-18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65986625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Forensic Analysis of Cathinones. 卡西酮的法医分析。

Forensic Science Review Pub Date : 2013-03-01

L Gautam, A Shanmuganathan, M D Cole

{"title":"Forensic Analysis of Cathinones.","authors":"L Gautam, A Shanmuganathan, M D Cole","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade there has been a significant increase in the popularity of synthetic cathinones in the illegal drug market. They have been easily available from Internet-based vendors as well as at \"head shops\" and \"smart shops\". The recent prominence of synthetic cathinones can be attributed to their stimulatory properties similar to those of amphetamines. This paper provides a review on the current popular cathinone derivatives, their history and prevalence in the illegal drug market, legislation of these drugs in various countries, pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism studies, analysis of toxicology samples (blood, urine, and hair) and criminalistic samples (seized, purchased via the Internet, and synthesized). From the reviewed literature, it is concluded that the products sold as \"legal highs\" do not only contain cathinone but also cathinone derivatives, and adulterants such as caffeine, lidocaine, and inorganic materials. Full toxicity data is currently unavailable for this drug class and hence more research is required with regard to their analysis and metabolism. Moreover, clandestine chemists are constantly synthesizing new derivatives and hence forensic chemists often need to synthesize and characterize these drugs to confirm the identity of the seized samples. This is expensive as well as time-consuming. Therefore, there is a need for national and international collaboration among forensic chemists to overcome this difficulty. ","PeriodicalId":38192,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science Review","volume":"25 1-2","pages":"47-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33881865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0