{"title":"Sociopoiesis","authors":"P. Prew","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"The beginning of the twenty-first century is characterized by instability in the world-system—ecological, economic, and political. Immanuel Wallerstein, based on Ilya Prigogine’s concepts, argues the capitalist world-system is its crisis phase and now faces its inevitable transition to a new state. This chapter introduces a new concept, sociopoiesis, to integrate the complexity sciences with Wallerstein’s approach to crisis and Karl Marx’s understanding of metabolism and metabolic rift. Based on these ideas, this article demonstrates that capitalism cannot be ecologically sustainable due to how it organizes its relationship with nature: its sociopoiesis. The ecological rifts created by the capitalist sociopoiesis will eventually put pressure on the crisis phase Wallerstein describes in the capitalist world-system.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126200142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Grammar of Capital","authors":"J. Holloway","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.46","url":null,"abstract":"Karl Marx’s Capital does not start with the commodity, it starts with wealth. This has enormous consequences, both theoretically and politically. To start with the commodity leads into the analysis of capitalism as a system of domination. To start with wealth and its movement in-against-and-beyond the commodity form takes the reader into a world of struggle. In Capital there are two antagonistic categorial series. The familiar series of the forms of domination: commodity, value, abstract labor, money, person, capital, profit, interest, rent. These forms have their own grammar: a positive logic that imposes itself on the flow of life. But there is also a series of subversive categories rebelling against the logical chain of derivation: wealth, use value, concrete labor or doing, anti-person, and so on. Here is a negative, defetishizing, detotalizing grammar that moves against the rigid cohesion of the first series.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134371872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forces of Production and Relations of Production","authors":"D. Laibman","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Marx and Engels based the movement for socialism and communism on a scientific analysis of social evolution rather than on ahistorical moral longings. This, however, requires replacement of vague evocative formulations by rigorous theoretical foundations. Two recent proposals for grounding the theory of the forces and relations of production—“intentional primacy” and “competitive primacy”—provide elements for this project but fail to drive it home. A proposed third approach, “social‒functional primacy,” focuses on the correspondence between advancing human power over nature, on the one hand, and the changing requirements for reproducible systems of exploitation—incentive, coercion, and control—on the other. A core evolutionary ladder of modes of production is identified as the basis for reconstructing the immense complexity of actual history, thus overcoming the dichotomy between “hard” and “soft” approaches to historical materialist theory.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115422555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primitive Accumulation in Post-Soviet Russia","authors":"David R. Mandel","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.44","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from the Marxist concept of “primitive accumulation,” the process by which the toilers are forcefully separated from the means of production in the origins of capitalism, this article analyzes the role of the state in the process of capitalist restoration in Russia following the demise of the Soviet Union. The concrete form that that process assumed, the nature of the bourgeoisie and the type of capitalism the emerged from it, provide in turn the key to understanding the authoritarian nature of the Russian state. This is a so-called “managed democracy”—a state whose executive dominates both the popular classes and the bourgeoisie, even while serving the latter’s economic interests.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127100484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ideology as Alienated Socialization","authors":"Jan Rehmann","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"Against a widespread misunderstanding, Marx and Engels did not consider ideology as a mere form of consciousness expressing an underlying economic interest. They developed a critical approach that saw ideology as an alienated socialization from above, which is to be overcome in a classless society. It is also shown that their ideology-critical approach was not restricted to a critique of “false consciousness” but was mainly interested in unveiling the real “inversions” in the societal relations of class societies: the division of manual and intellectual labor; the fetishism of the commodity, money, and capital; and finally in the detached position of the state emerging together with class antagonisms as the “first ideological power” (Engels) over society. Marx and Engels thus anticipated a materialist concept of the ideological that was later developed explicitly in theories of hegemony and of ideology (e.g. by Gramsci, Althusser and the Berlin Projekt Ideologietheorie [PIT]).","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115048332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alienation, or Why Capitalism is Bad for Us","authors":"D. Swain","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the significance of Marx’s concept of alienation to his overall criticism of capitalism. At the concept’s core is the idea that while labor is potentially a fulfilling and liberating activity, under capitalism it appears only as a hostile, dominating force. Workers thus experience their own activity, natural and built environments, and fellow human beings as alien and hostile. While this idea has been deeply influential, it has also been the subject of heated controversies, in particular for its apparent dependence on an essentialist or teleological idea of human nature. While important, such controversies were often inflated by their political and intellectual context, and this chapter argues they should be considered alongside the lasting significance of alienation as an explanatory concept. Understood as such, it can still contribute a great deal to understanding and criticizing contemporary society, and provide guidance for how to transcend and replace it.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"625 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133846863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marx’s Conceptualization of Value in Capital","authors":"G. Reuten","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the three conceptual stages of the determinants of the commodities’ value in Marx’s Capital. It concludes that the dynamic second stage (designed in 1866–1867) overrules the third stage—of prices of production (designed 1864–1865). The first stage (Capital I, Part 1) is an important, though static averages account, positing that the commodities’ value is determined by average socially necessary labor time. The second stage (Capital I, Part 4) is a dynamic account of the “intensity of labour” and the mainly technology determined “productive power of labour,” each one implying, first, that clock-time of labor is an insufficient measure and, second, that rates of surplus value diverge between sectors of production. Whereas intensity determined intersector rates of surplus value might equalize due to intralabor competition, Marx posits no mechanism for such equalization regarding the technology determined productive power. The third stage posits the transformation of values into prices of production (Capital III, Part 2—its text being based on a manuscript from 1864–1865). The article’s main finding is that the determinant of the “technology associated productive power” was a novel result of Marx’s 1866–1867 final version of Capital I (1867). It makes Marx’s earlier third stage redundant.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123218240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Global Capital Accumulation and the Specificity of Latin America","authors":"G. Starosta","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.40","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses the theme of Latin America and its relationship with the works and ideas of Karl Marx from three different angles. First, it offers an overview of the textual evidence of the scattered passages in which Marx comments on the realities of Latin American countries. In the second place, it provides a critical review of the major controversies around Marx’s direct references to this region’s societies among Latin American Marxist scholars. Lastly, it discusses the original and creative work by Latin American authors that, taking Marx’s mature critique of political economy as presented in the Grundrisse, the 1859 Contribution and Capital as point of departure, have attempted to develop it further in order to provide a rigorous account of the specificity of capital accumulation in Latin America through the systematic categorial unfolding of the determinations of the value-form (i.e., through the worldwide uneven development of the “law of value”).","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123504985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asia and the Shift in Marx’s Conception of Revolution and History","authors":"Lin Chun","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"Through a revisit of the evolution of Marx’s ideas about Oriental society and the village community, this chapter explores the methodological meaning of Asia for the Marxist conception of history and demonstrates its contemporary relevance. Following Marx’s original cases of India, China, and Russia, the chapter traces how eventually in his analysis national liberation and class struggle became mutually indispensable and why the oldest forms of social organization could be transformed into the newest as the communist project. This textual study of a remarkable intellectual trajectory begins with a critical examination of Marx’s Asiatic mode of production and then looks into the major twists and leaps in his later reflections, and concludes with a tentative appraisal of the significance of his eastward turn. Marx’s non-deterministic history with a strong agential as well as ecological consciousness is shown to be an indispensable source for contemporary Marxist rethinking of historical and global transformations.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133664016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Work and Exploitation in Capitalism","authors":"M. Vidal","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190695545.013.11","url":null,"abstract":"Labor process theory has produced important typologies of managerial control and a rich body of empirical case studies. However, it has struggled to deal with genuine cases of upskilling and worker empowerment. This chapter revisits Marx to show that he theorized economic development, technological change and the capitalist labor process as contradictory processes evolving across distinct stages. While Marx saw deskilling as dominant in the earliest stages of capitalism, he also theorized tendencies for upskilling. The chapter then reviews the early debates within labor process theory over deskilling versus responsible autonomy and coercion versus consent. It highlights how labor process research has, with a few important exceptions, neglected to systematically consider the contradictory nature of labor process dynamics. Finally, the chapter proposes that a central contradiction within the labor process is between management-as-coordination versus management-as-discipline. It suggests that this contradiction has become intensified in the current stage of capitalism: post-Fordism.","PeriodicalId":381666,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123183548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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